The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (59 page)

13
. Gemma Volli, “Papa Benedetto XIV e gli ebrei,”
Rassegna mensile di Israel
22 (1956):215.

14
. Roberto G. Salvadori,
Gli ebrei toscani nell’età della Restaurazione
(1993), pp. 107, 146n29.

15
.
Ratto della Signora Anna del Monte trattenuta a’ Catecumeni tredici giorni dalli 6 fino alli 19 maggio anno
1749, edited and with an introduction by Giuseppe Sermoneta (Rome, 1989).

CHAPTER 7

1
. Raffaele De Cesare,
Roma e lo stato del papa
(1975; orig., 1906), p. 227.

2
. “
Un homme très-honněte, mais pas trop à son aise.”
Letter from Joseph Pavia, Bologna, 13 novembre 1859,
Archives Israélites,
décembre 1859, p. 708.

3
. See ch. 5 note 2 for sources on Italian Jewish attitudes toward emancipation.

4
. “Edgardo Mortara,”
Il Cattolico,
November 8, 1858.

5
. Giuseppe Pelczar,
Pio IX e il suo pontificato,
vol. 2 (1910), p. 196.

6
. I thank Pier Cesare Bori for pointing out this New Testament parallel.

7
.
L’Univers,
11 novembre 1858, reproduced in l’abbé Delacouture,
Le droit canon et le droit naturel dans l’affaire Mortara
(1858), p. 43.

8
. “Edgardo Mortara.”

9
. “Notizie del giovenetto cristiano Mortara,”
L’armonia,
16 October 1858.

10
. Dom Jacobus,
Les vols d’enfants
(1859), pp. 34–36.

11
. “Il piccolo neofito, Edgardo Mortara,”
Civiltà Cattolica,
ser. 3, vol. 12 (1858), pp. 389–90.

12
. “Edgardo Mortara.”

13
. The unsigned letter from the Università Israelitica di Roma to the Baron de Rothschild in Paris, dated September 8, 1858, is found in ASCIR.

14
. Letter addressed via Sig. Jacob Vita Alatri, pel Sr. M. Mortara, Roma, 12. settembre 1858, ASCIR.

CHAPTER 8

1
. Roger Aubert,
Il pontificato di Pio IX,
Storia della Chiesa, vol. 22/1 (1990), P. 449.

2
. Roth, “Forced Baptisms in Italy,” p. 130.

3
. The Pope also did away with the Carnival tribute, on which see Berliner,
Storia degli ebrei,
p. 300; on the papal commission, see Bruno Di Porto, “Gli ebrei di Roma dai papi all’Italia,” in Elio Toaff et al., eds.,
La breccia del ghetto
(1971), pp. 35–6.

4
. Aldo Berselli, “Movimenti politici a Bologna dal 1815 al 1859,”
Bollettino del Museo del Risorgimento
5 (1960):225.

5
. Giovanni Miccoli,
Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione
(1985), p. 49.

6
. P. R. Perez, “Alcune difficoltà emerse nella discussione ‘super virtutibus’ del servo di Dio Pio Papa IX,” in Carlo Snider, ed.,
Pio IX nella luce dei processi canonici
(1992), p. 237.

7
. Fubini,
La condizione giuridica,
p. 10.

8
. Aubert,
Il pontificato,
pp. 70–2.

9
. Martina,
Pio IX,
p. 40; Roger Aubert, “Antonelli, Giacomo,”
Dizionario biografico degli italiani,
vol. 3 (1961), p. 485. For an English-language biography of Antonelli, see Frank J. Coppa,
Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs
(1990).

10
. Carlo Falconi,
Il cardinale Antonelli
(1983), pp. 302–3.

11
. Odo Russell letter to Lord J.R., no. 7, Rome, January 7, 1806. In Noel Blakiston,
The Roman Question
(1962), pp. 79–80.

12
. Jan Derek Holmes,
The Triumph of the Holy See
(1978), p. 130.

13
. Aubert,
Il pontificato,
p. 143n47. Also see Piero Pirri, “Il card. Antonelli tra il mito e la storia,”
Rivista di storia della chiesa italiana
12 (1958): 81–120.

14
. Holmes,
Triumph,
p. 135.

15
. Giuseppe Leti,
Roma e lo stato pontificio dal 1849 al 1870
(1911), vol. 1, pp. 11, 16n.

16
. Perez, “Alcune difficoltà,” p. 34.

17
. Aubert,
Il pontificato,
pp. 449–52.

18
. August Hasler,
How the Pope Became Infallible
(1993), pp. 105–10. On the Catholic belief in supernatural punishment for earthly sins in the time of Pius IX, see P. G. Camaiani, “Castighi di Dio e trionfo della Chiesa: Mentalità e polemiche dei cattolici temporalisti nell’età di Pio IX,”
Rivista storica italiana
88 (1976): 708–44.

19
. Frank J. Coppa, “Cardinal Antonelli, the Papal States, and the Counter-Risorgimento,”
Journal of Church and State,
16 (1974), p. 469.

20
. Martina,
Pio IX,
p. vii.

21
. De Cesare,
Roma e lo stato del papa,
p. 243.

22
. Ibid., p. 67.

CHAPTER 9

1
. ASV-Pio IX; found in Sharon Mullen Stahl,
The Mortara Affair, 1858,
doctoral diss., Saint Louis University (1987), p. 34.

2
. Unfortunately, the central archives of the Inquisition, at the Vatican, are not generally open to researchers.

3
. Camillo Cavour,
Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861,
vol. 1 (1926), p. 206, letter 143.

4
. Giacomo Martina, a Jesuit historian and the foremost contemporary biographer of Pius IX, is of a similar opinion, judging Villamarina’s remarks as off the mark. Martina,
Pio IX,
p. 33n50.

5
. From the Pio IX archive in ASV, cited by Martina,
Pio IX,
p. 33n50.

6
. In Italy in the Restoration period, however, there was an important body of non-Jewish opinion expressing concern about the Jews’ lack of civil rights. In addition to Cattaneo’s
Ricerche economiche,
see Massimo D’Azeglio,
Dell’emancipazione civile degl’Israeliti
(1848).

7
. Quoted in Gemma Volli, “Il caso Mortara nell’opinione pubblica e nella politica del tempo,”
Bollettino del Museo del Risorgimento 5
(1960), p. 1090.

8
. The text is reproduced in Isidore Cahen, “L’affaire Mortara de Bologne,”
Archives Israélites
19 (October 1858): 555–6.

9
. Aubert,
Il pontificato,
pp. 145–6.

10
. In France in particular, a great deal of emphasis was placed on the paternal-rights argument. See, for example, Jules Assezat,
Affaire Mortara: Le droit du père
(1858).

11
. Draft of letter from Momolo Mortara, addressed to Son Excellence Mons. le Duc de Grammont, Ambassadeur de France près le S. Siège, no date (probably September 8, 1858), ASCIR.

12
. Giuseppe Laras, “Ansie e speranze degli ebrei a Roma durante il pontificato di Pio IX,”
Rassegna mensile di Israel
39 (1973): 515–17; Giacomo Martina,
Pio IX e Leopoldo II
(1967), pp. 200–1.

13
. Falconi,
Il cardinale Antonelli,
pp. 239–40.

14
. ASV-SS, fasc. 3, n. 167.

15
. Ibid., n. 171.

16
. Ibid., n. 220. Letter from Antonelli to Lionel de Rothschild, London, 13 September 1858. This is a draft of a letter and may not have actually been sent. In the margins a note is added: “Non ebbe corso” (not sent).

CHAPTER 10

1
. ASV-Pio IX.

2
. Letter from S. Scazzocchio to Don Enrico Sarra, Rome, September 29, 1858, ASCIR.

3
. As one report put it, the baptism had been performed secretly “at the instigation of the fanatic Catholic grocer Lepori.” Alfredo Comandini,
L’Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900), 1850–60
(1907–18), p. 823.

4
. These details come from ASG-SA.

5
. ASV-SS, fasc. 1, Allegato E, Ripertorio Generale n. 5358.

6
. ASV-Pio IX.

7
. For a fuller history of infant abandonment in nineteenth-century Bologna, see Kertzer,
Sacrificed for Honor.

8
. ASV-Pio IX. Both the cover letter and all the notarized testimony from Bologna discussed below are found here.

9
. A biography and an autobiography of Pasquale Saragoni, both in manuscript form, are to be found in AMRB.

CHAPTER 11

1
. S. Bloch, “Rapt d’un enfant israéite,”
L’univers Israélite
14 (July 1858):11.

2
. Cahan, “L’Affaire Mortara,” p. 555.

3
. Reprinted as lettera C in
Brevi cenni,
“Supplica diretta dai rabini di Germania a Sua Santità,” p. 113, ASV-Pio IX.

4
. Letter to Sig. Alessandro Carpi, Bologna, August 25, 1858, ASCIR.

5
. “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites
20 (January 1859):46.

6
. Ibid., p. 61.

7
. Momolo Mortara letter from Bologna addressed via Giacobbe Tagliacozzo, Rome, October 10, 1858, ASCIR.

8
. Testimony of Momolo Mortara, February 6, 1860, trial of Father Feletti, Bologna, ASB-FV.

9
. Letter from the Bishop of Alatri to Secretary of State Antonelli, October 16, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 1, n. 7.

10
. Letter from Secretary of State Antonelli to the Bishop of Alatri, October 18, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 1, n. 9.

11
. Letter from the Bishop of Alatri to Secretary of State Antonelli, October 19, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 1. n. 75.

12
. Letter from Cardinal Cagiano, Frosinone, to Secretary of State Antonelli, October 18, 1858, ASV-SS. fasc. 1, n. 73.

13
. Letter from Secretary of State Antonelli to Cardinal Cagiano, Frosinone, October 21, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 1, n. 77.

14
. Letter addressed “Alle Università Israelitiche dello Stato,” dated Rome, October 20, 1858, ASCIR.

CHAPTER 12

1
.
Shema,
the Hebrew word for “hear,” is the first word of the most important prayer in Judaism, an expression of God’s oneness.

2
. “Ratto del fanciullo Mortara,”
Il piccolo corriere d’Italia,
November 8, 1858.

3
. Transcript of trial of Father Feletti, Bologna, testimony of Marianna Padovani, February 20, 1860, Turin, ASB.

4
. “Dans les plus recentes visites, …” draft of letter written in mid-November 1858, ASCIR.

5
.
L’univers,
November 11, 1858, quoted in Delacouture,
Le droit canon,
p. 43.

6
. “Edgardo Mortara,”
Il vero amico,
n. 49 (December 5, 1858).

7
. “Il piccolo neofito, Edgardo Mortara.”

8
. Letter from Momolo Mortara to Scazzocchio in Rome, sent from Florence, dated December 2, 1858, ASCIR.

CHAPTER 13

1
. Giuseppe Massari,
Diario dalle cento voci,
vol. 1858–60 (1959), p. 97.

2
. Letter from Count Minerva, Rome, to Count Cavour, Turin, October 9, 1858. Reprinted in appendix of Gian Ludovico Masetti Zannini, “Nuovi documenti sul caso Mortara,”
Rivista storica della chiesa italiana
13 (1959):271–2.

3
. Lettera particolare, Count Minerva, Rome, to Count Cavour, Turin, October 9, 1858. Reprinted in ibid., p. 273.

4
. Letters from Count Minerva, Rome, to Count Cavour, Turin, October 25 and November 23, 1858. Reprinted in ibid., pp. 273, 274.

5
. Letter from O. Terquem, Paris, December 10, 1858, in
Archives Israélites
14 (December 10, 1858):233–5.

6
. Letter (#143) from the Marquis of Villamarina, Paris, to Count Cavour, Turin, November 21, 1858. In Cavour,
Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra,
vol. 1, pp. 206–7.

7
. Letter (#149) from Count Cavour, Turin, to the Marquis of Villamarina, Paris, November 25, 1858. In ibid., pp. 213–14.

8
. Carlo Sacconi, apostolic nuncio in France, letter to Cardinal Antonelli (#1171), dated January 7, 1859, Paris. Reprinted in Mariano Gabriele, ed.,
Il carteggio Antonelli-Sacconi, (1858–1860)
(1962), vol. 1, p. 12.

9
. Letter from the apostolic nuncio to Madrid to Cardinal Antonelli, dated Madrid, December 1, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 3.

10
. Letter from Conte Du Chastel, Rome, to Cardinal Antonelli, November 8, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 2, n. 93.

11
. Letter from Cardinal Antonelli to the Ministro Residente di S.M. il re de’ Paesi Bassi, November 27, 1858, ASV-SS, fasc. 2, n. 95. For the reaction to the Mortara case in Belgium, see G. Braive, “Un choc psycologique avant la guerre d’Italie: L’affaire Mortara,”
Risorgimento
8 (1965):49–82.

12
. Quoted in Bertram W. Korn,
The American Reaction to the Mortara Case
(1957), p. 24.

13
. Quoted in ibid., p. 42.

14
. Ibid., p. 48.

15
. Ibid., p. 70.

16
. Ibid., p. 95.

17
. Ibid., p. 63.

18
. Fair Play, “The Alleged ‘Mortara’ Kidnapping Case in Bologna, Italy” (1858).

CHAPTER 14

1
. Stuart Woolf,
A History of Italy 1700–1860
(1979), p. 235. See this work more generally for its account of the evolution of relations between the Church and the European rulers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.