The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (79 page)

2.
Simon Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches
(London: Collins, 1997), pp. 350–70. The popular perception of tulipmania also owes a great deal to the extraordinary success and longevity of Charles Mackay,
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
, first published in London in 1841 but still extremely influential.

3.
Goldger,
Tulipmania
, pp. 202, 235.

4.
Ibid., p. 238.

5.
Above, Chapters 2 and 5.

6.
John J. McCusker and Cora Gravesteijn,
The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe
(Amsterdam: NEHA, 1991).

7.
Ibid., pp. 22–3.

8.
John J. McCusker, ‘The Role of Antwerp in the Emergence of Commercial and Financial Newspapers in Early Modern Europe’, in
La ville et la transmission des valeurs culturelles au bas moyen âge et aux temps modernes
(Brussels: Crédit communal, Collection histoire, 96, 1996), pp. 303–32.

9.
McCusker and Gravesteijn,
Beginnings
, pp. 44–5.

10.
Ibid., pp. 399–404.

11.
Ibid., pp. 291–300; Anne Murphy,
The Origins of English Financial Markets: Investment and Speculation before the South Sea Bubble
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

12.
McCusker and Gravesteijn,
Beginnings
, p. 313. By publishing on post-days, Castaing clearly had in mind a client base outside London, or abroad, as well as in the city.

13.
Murphy,
Origins of English Financial Markets
, p. 99; Blanche B. Elliott,
A History of English Advertising
(London: Batsford, 1962), pp. 313–44.

14.
Ibid., p. 91.

15.
Ibid., pp. 94–5.

16.
Julian Hoppit,
A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 313–44.

17.
Murphy,
Origins of English Financial Markets
, p. 109.

18.
Grant Hannis, ‘Daniel Defoe's Pioneering Consumer Journalism in the
Review
’,
British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies
, 30 (2007), pp. 13–26, here p. 16.

19.
Murphy,
Origins of English Financial Markets
, pp. 107–8.

20.
Hannis, ‘Defoe's Pioneering Consumer Journalism’, p. 22.

21.
Murphy,
Origins of English Financial Markets
, pp. 114–36.

22.
Still the best study is John Carswell,
The South Sea Bubble
, 2nd edn (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1993).

23.
Daily Courant
for 1, 2, 3 and 24 June 1720, accessed in the Guildhall Library, London.

24.
See the
Daily Courant
, 8 June 1720.

25.
Quoted Hoppit,
A Land of Liberty?
, p. 335.

26.
Julian Hoppit, ‘The Myths of the South Sea Bubble’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th ser., 12 (2002), pp. 141–65.

27.
Carswell,
South Sea Bubble
, pp. 95–6

28.
See ibid., Chapters 13 and 14 (added as fresh material to the second edition).

29.
A point made about the earliest prophets of doom in the dot-com book of the 1990s. John Cassidy,
dot.con
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002).

30.
Daily Courant
for 31 October and 7 November 1720 (2nd edn).

31.
Other pamphlets advertised included
The South-Sea scheme examined
(
Daily Courant
for 18 October),
The case of contracts for South Sea Stock
(9 November), and a sober pamphlet by the bishop of Carlisle:
The honest and dishonest ways of getting wealth
(12 December).

32.
Post Boy
, issues of 18–20 October and 8–10 November 1720, accessed in the Guildhall Library, London. The whole pack is illustrated on the website of the Harvard Business School, from the pack in the Kress Collection of the Baker Library:
http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/ssb/recreationandarts/cards.html
.

33.
Hoppit,
A Land of Liberty?
, p. 344.

34.
William B. Ewald,
The Newsmen of Queen Anne
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp. 30–1.

35.
Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos’,
Het Boek
, XXV (1939), III, pp. 161–98, here p. 179.

36.
Elliott,
A History of English Advertising
, pp. 22–9, discusses the very earliest examples, which date from the 1620s.

37.
Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre’, pp. 179–82.

38.
Maura Ratia and Carla Suhr, ‘Medical Pamphlets: Controversy and Advertising’, in Irma Taavitsainen and Paivi Pahta (eds),
Medical Writings in Early Modern English
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 183.

39.
C. John Sommerville,
The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 70.

40.
Elliott,
History of English Advertising
, pp. 37–45.

41.
Michael Harris, ‘Timely Notices: The Uses of Advertising and its Relationship to News during the Late Seventeenth Century’,
Prose Studies
, 21 (1998), p. 152.

42.
R. B. Walker, ‘Advertising in London Newspapers, 1650–1750’,
Business History
, 15 (1973), pp. 114–15; Elliott,
History of English Advertising
, pp. 57–73.

43.
Elliott,
History of English Advertising
, pp. 30–6.

44.
Ibid., pp. 94–5.

45.
Sommerville,
News Revolution
, pp. 147–8; Lawrence Lewis,
The Advertisements of the Spectator
(London: Houghton Mifflin, 1909).

46.
R. M. Wiles,
Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England
(Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965), p. 101.

47.
Ibid., p. 142.

48.
Ibid., pp. 367–72.

49.
Walker, ‘Advertising’, pp. 112–30.

50.
The Spectator
, no. 10, Monday 12 March 1711.

51.
Sommerville,
News Revolution
, p. 43.

52.
Where political influence was concerned, proprietors were prepared to make even more extravagant claims, as with an author warning against the
Craftsman
, a weekly journal critical of Walpole in 1732, that it was read by ‘no less than four hundred thousand … allowing no more than 40 readers to a paper’. Quoted Michael Harris,
London Newspapers in the Age of Walpole: A Study of the Origins of the Modern English Press
(London: Associated University Presses, 1987), p. 48.

53.
Harris, ‘Timely Notices’, p. 144.

54.
François Moureau (ed.),
De bonne main. La communication manuscrite au XVIII siècle
(Paris, Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993).

55.
Lucyle Werkmeister,
A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793
(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), p. 19.
The Times
began printing news on its front page only in 1966.

56.
See Walker, ‘Advertising’, p. 119.

57.
For an example from colonial Virginia see below, Chapter 16.

58.
John Styles, ‘Print and Policing: Crime Advertising in Eighteenth-Century Provincial England’, in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds),
Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 55–111.

59.
From 11,000 in 1705 to under 2,500 in 1717. Walker, ‘Advertising’, pp. 116–17.

Chapter 15 From Our Own Correspondent

1.
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101740
. J. Paul Hunter,
Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction
(New York: Norton, 1990), pp. 167–72.

2.
Weekly Journal or British Gazeteer
, 12 September 1724. Quoted Michael Harris, ‘Journalism as a Profession or Trade in the Eighteenth Century’, in Robin Myers and Michael Harris (eds),
Author/Publisher Relations during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1983), p. 42.

3.
The case of the coffee-men of London and Westminster
(London, 1729), p. 5.

4.
Flying Post or Weekly Medley
, 21 December 1728; Harris, ‘Journalism’, p. 41.

5.
Paula McDowell,
The Women of Grubstreet: Press, Politics and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678–1730
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 55–7, 101–2.

6.
Jeroen Salman,
Pedlars and the Popular Press: Itinerant Distribution Networks in England and the Netherlands, 1600–1850
(Leiden: Brill, 2014).

7.
Below, Chapter 16.

8.
Salman,
Pedlars and the Popular Press
, Chapter 4.

9.
Hannah Barker,
Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 101; Robert L. Haig,
The Gazetteer, 1735–1797: A Study in the Eighteenth-Century Newspaper
(Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1960), pp. 178–80.

10.
Peter Fraser,
The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State and their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660–1688
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), pp. 30–2.

11.
James Ralph,
The case of authors by profession or trade stated
(London, 1758), pp. 22, 61–7; Harris, ‘Journalism’, pp. 37–8.

12.
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101739
.

13.
R. M. Wiles,
Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England
(Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965), p. 192.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Ibid., pp. 290–1.

16.
P. M. Handover,
A History of the London Gazette, 1665–1965
(London: HMSO, 1965), p. 53.

17.
This and the following paragraph draw heavily on A. Aspinall, ‘The Social Status of Journalists at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century’,
Review of English Studies,
21 (1945), pp. 216–32.

18.
J. A. Robuck in his pamphlet
The London Review and the Periodical Press
(London, 1835), quoted Aspinall, ‘Social Status of Journalists’, pp. 222–3.

19.
Lucyle Werkmeister,
A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793
(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), pp. 21, 35.

20.
Cobbett,
The Political Register
, 4 January 1817, referring to his
Porcupine
, which closed in 1801; Aspinall, ‘Social Status of Journalists’, p. 225.

21.
For examples taken from the reign of Queen Anne, see above, Chapter 11.

22.
Steven Shapin,
A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 65–125, offers interesting reflections on the relationship between gentility and integrity.

23.
C. Moreau,
Bibliographie des Mazarinades
, 3 vols (Paris: Renouard, 1850–1), nos 1,809–2,294.

24.
Konstantin Dierks,
In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 2009), pp. 206–14.