The Coming Plague (146 page)
Authors: Laurie Garrett
33
UNICEF,
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34
S. R. Pattyn,
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(Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978).
Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever: Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers Held in Antwerp, Belgium, 6â8 December 1977
(Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978).
35
Ibid.
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P. Rollin, L. Wilson, J. Childs, et al., “Lassa Fever Epidemic in Plateau State, Nigeriaâ1993,” presentation to the annual meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Atlanta, October 1993; D. E. Carey, et al., “Lassa FeverâEpidemiological Aspects of the 1970 Epidemic, Jos, Nigeria,”
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38
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39
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40
D. P. Levine and J. D. Sobel,
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(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
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(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
41
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, A Kaiser Forum, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, 1993; P. Lurie, A. L. Reingold, B. Bowser, et al.,
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84 (1994): 275â81; and C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller, and L. E. Moses,
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(Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1989).
Needle Exchange
, A Kaiser Forum, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, 1993; P. Lurie, A. L. Reingold, B. Bowser, et al.,
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American Journal of Public Health
84 (1994): 275â81; and C. F. Turner, H. G. Miller, and L. E. Moses,
AIDS: Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use
(Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1989).
42
The Kaiser Family Foundation convened a special conference on needle exchange issues, bringing together representatives of law enforcement, civil liberties, public health, drug treatment, and political communities. The meeting took place in the Quadras Conference Center, Menlo Park, California, December 10â11, 1992.
43
M. A. Fischl, R. B. Uttamchandani, G. L. Daikos, et al., “An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Multiple-Drug-Resistant Tubercle Bacilli Among Patients with HIV Infection,”
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44
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American Journal of Medicine
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New England Journal of Medicine
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American Journal of Medicine
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American Journal of Medicine
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45
L. L. Livornese, S. Dias, C. Samel, et al., “Hospital-Acquired Infection with Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus falcium
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117 (1992): 112â16; and R. W. Haley, D. H. Culver, W. M. Morgan, et al., “Increasing Recognition of Infectious Diseases in U.S. Hospitals Through Increased Use of Diagnostic Tests, 1970â76,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
121 (1985): 168â81.
Enterococcus falcium
Transmitted by Electronic Thermometers,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
117 (1992): 112â16; and R. W. Haley, D. H. Culver, W. M. Morgan, et al., “Increasing Recognition of Infectious Diseases in U.S. Hospitals Through Increased Use of Diagnostic Tests, 1970â76,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
121 (1985): 168â81.
46
“How the Septicemia Trail Led to the IV Bottle Cap” (1971), op. cit.
47
I. Raad, W. Costerton, I. V. Sabharwa, et al., “Ultrastructural Analysis of Indwelling Vascular Catheters: A Quantitative Relationship Between Luminal Colonization and Duration of Placement,”
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168 (1993): 400â7; R. Pallares, M. Pujol, C. Pena, et al., “Cephalosporins as Risk Factors for Nosocomial
Enterococcus falcalis
Bacteremia,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
153 (1993): 1581â86; and W. E. Stam, “Nosocomial Infections: Etiologic Changes, Therapeutic Challenges,”
Hospital Practice
, August 1981: 75â88.
Journal of Infectious Diseases
168 (1993): 400â7; R. Pallares, M. Pujol, C. Pena, et al., “Cephalosporins as Risk Factors for Nosocomial
Enterococcus falcalis
Bacteremia,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
153 (1993): 1581â86; and W. E. Stam, “Nosocomial Infections: Etiologic Changes, Therapeutic Challenges,”
Hospital Practice
, August 1981: 75â88.
48
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, “Nosocomial Infections Rates for Interhospital Comparison: Limitations and Possible Solutions,”
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
112 (1991): 609â21; M. Olson, M. O'Connor, M. D. Schwartz, “Surgical Wound Infections: A 5-Year Prospective Study of 20,193 Wounds at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center,”
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199 (1984): 253â59; P. J. E. Cruise, “Wound Infection Surveillance,”
Review of Infectious Diseases
3 (1981): 739â37; and R. W. Haley, D. H. Culver, W. M. Morgan, et al., “Identifying Patients at High Risk of Surgical Wound Infection,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
121 (1985): 206â15.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
112 (1991): 609â21; M. Olson, M. O'Connor, M. D. Schwartz, “Surgical Wound Infections: A 5-Year Prospective Study of 20,193 Wounds at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center,”
Annals of Surgery
199 (1984): 253â59; P. J. E. Cruise, “Wound Infection Surveillance,”
Review of Infectious Diseases
3 (1981): 739â37; and R. W. Haley, D. H. Culver, W. M. Morgan, et al., “Identifying Patients at High Risk of Surgical Wound Infection,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
121 (1985): 206â15.
49
T. M. Stine, A. A. Harris, S. Levin, et al., “A Pseudo-Epidemic Due to Atypical Mycobacteria in a Hospital Water Supply,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
258 (1987): 809â11; and G. A. Harkness, D. W. Bentley, K. J. Roghmann, “Risk Factors for Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Elderly,”
American Journal of Medicine
89 (1990): 457â63.
Journal of the American Medical Association
258 (1987): 809â11; and G. A. Harkness, D. W. Bentley, K. J. Roghmann, “Risk Factors for Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Elderly,”
American Journal of Medicine
89 (1990): 457â63.
50
H. C. Neu, “The Crisis in Antibiotic Resistance,”
Science
257 (1992): 1064â73; and B. Jarvis, personal communication, Centers for Disease Control, 1993.
Science
257 (1992): 1064â73; and B. Jarvis, personal communication, Centers for Disease Control, 1993.
51
Centers for Disease Control, “Summary of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Report to Congress,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
39 (1990): 822â24; D. J. Hu, M. A. Kane, and D. L. Heymann, “Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Health Care Settings: A Review of Risk Factors and Guidelines for Protection,”
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69 (1991): 623â30; D. L. Thomas, S. H. Factor, G. D. Kelen, et al., “Viral Hepatitis in Health Care Personnel at the Johns Hopkins Hospital,”
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153 (1993): 1705â12; G. P. Kent, J. Brondum, R. A. Keenlyside, et al., “A Large Outbreak of Acupuncture-Associated Hepatitis B,”
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127 (1988): 591â98; and F. E. Shaw, C. L. Barrett, R. Hamm, et al., “Lethal Outbreak of Hepatitis B in a Dental Practice,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
255 (1986): 3261â64.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
39 (1990): 822â24; D. J. Hu, M. A. Kane, and D. L. Heymann, “Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Health Care Settings: A Review of Risk Factors and Guidelines for Protection,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
69 (1991): 623â30; D. L. Thomas, S. H. Factor, G. D. Kelen, et al., “Viral Hepatitis in Health Care Personnel at the Johns Hopkins Hospital,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
153 (1993): 1705â12; G. P. Kent, J. Brondum, R. A. Keenlyside, et al., “A Large Outbreak of Acupuncture-Associated Hepatitis B,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
127 (1988): 591â98; and F. E. Shaw, C. L. Barrett, R. Hamm, et al., “Lethal Outbreak of Hepatitis B in a Dental Practice,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
255 (1986): 3261â64.
52
Centers for Disease Control, “Nosocomial Enterococci Resistant to VancomycinâUnited States, 1988â1993,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
42 (1993): 597; and T. R. Frieden, S. S. Munsiff, D. E. Low, et al., “Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in New York City,”
Lancet
342 (1993): 76â79.
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342 (1993): 76â79.
53
J. M. Leclair, J. Freeman, B. F. Sullivan, et al., “Prevention of Nosocomial Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Through Compliance with Glove and Gown Isolation Precautions,”
New England Journal of Medicine
317 (1987): 329â34.
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317 (1987): 329â34.
54
M. L. Cohen, “Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post-Antimicrobial Era,”
Science
257 (1992): 1050â55; L. O. Gentry, “Bacterial Resistance,”
Orthopedic Clinics of North America
22 (1991): 379â88; and Neu (1992), op. cit.
Science
257 (1992): 1050â55; L. O. Gentry, “Bacterial Resistance,”
Orthopedic Clinics of North America
22 (1991): 379â88; and Neu (1992), op. cit.
55
Neu (1992), op. cit.
56
Ibid.
57
E. E. Mast, H. W. Harmon, S. Gravenstein, et al., “Emergence and Possible Transmission of Amantadine-Resistant Viruses During Nursing Home Outbreaks of Influenza A (H
3
N
2
),”
American Journal of Epidemiology
134 (1991): 988â97.
3
N
2
),”
American Journal of Epidemiology
134 (1991): 988â97.
58
A. B. Block, P. T. Davidson, et al., “Tuberculosis in Patients with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.”
New England Journal of Medicine
324 (1991): 1644â50; M. L. Pearson, J. A. Jereb, T. R. Frieden, et al., “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Annals of Internal Medicine
117 (1992): 191â96; B. R. Edlin, J. I. Tokars, M. H. Grieco, et al., “An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,”
New England Journal of Medicine
326 (1992): 1514â21; and S. Dooley, B. Edlin, M. Pearson, et al., “Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Tuberculosis Outbreaks in HIV-Infected Persons,” presentation to the VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, 1992.
New England Journal of Medicine
324 (1991): 1644â50; M. L. Pearson, J. A. Jereb, T. R. Frieden, et al., “Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Annals of Internal Medicine
117 (1992): 191â96; B. R. Edlin, J. I. Tokars, M. H. Grieco, et al., “An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,”
New England Journal of Medicine
326 (1992): 1514â21; and S. Dooley, B. Edlin, M. Pearson, et al., “Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Tuberculosis Outbreaks in HIV-Infected Persons,” presentation to the VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, 1992.
59
G. L. Lattimer and R. A. Ormsbee,
Legionnaires' Disease
(New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981);
A. F. Kaufman, J. E. McDade, C. M. Patton, et al., “Pontiac Fever: Isolation of the Etiologic Agent (
Legionella pneumophila
) and Demonstration of Its Mode of Transmission,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
114 (1981): 337â47; H. M. Foy, P. S. Hayes, M. K. Cooney, et al., “Legionnaires' Disease in a Prepaid Medical-Care Group in Seattle 1963â75,”
Lancet
, April 7, 1979: 767â70; L. Saravolatz, L. Arking, B. Wentworth, and E. Quinn, “Prevalence of Antibody to the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium in Hospital Employees,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
90 (1979): 601â3; C. M. Helms, M. Massanari, R. P. Wenzel, et al., “Legionnaires' Disease Associated with a Hospital Water System,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
259 (1988): 2423â26; K. Nahapetian, O. Challemel, D. Bevrtin, et al., “The Intracellular Multiplication of
Legionella pneumophila
in Protozoa from Hospital Plumbing Systems,”
Research in Microbiology
142 (1991): 677â85; and M. Alary and J. R. Joly, “Factors Contributing to the Contamination of Hospital Water Distribution Systems by Legionellae,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
165 (1992): 565â69.
Legionnaires' Disease
(New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981);
A. F. Kaufman, J. E. McDade, C. M. Patton, et al., “Pontiac Fever: Isolation of the Etiologic Agent (
Legionella pneumophila
) and Demonstration of Its Mode of Transmission,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
114 (1981): 337â47; H. M. Foy, P. S. Hayes, M. K. Cooney, et al., “Legionnaires' Disease in a Prepaid Medical-Care Group in Seattle 1963â75,”
Lancet
, April 7, 1979: 767â70; L. Saravolatz, L. Arking, B. Wentworth, and E. Quinn, “Prevalence of Antibody to the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium in Hospital Employees,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
90 (1979): 601â3; C. M. Helms, M. Massanari, R. P. Wenzel, et al., “Legionnaires' Disease Associated with a Hospital Water System,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
259 (1988): 2423â26; K. Nahapetian, O. Challemel, D. Bevrtin, et al., “The Intracellular Multiplication of
Legionella pneumophila
in Protozoa from Hospital Plumbing Systems,”
Research in Microbiology
142 (1991): 677â85; and M. Alary and J. R. Joly, “Factors Contributing to the Contamination of Hospital Water Distribution Systems by Legionellae,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
165 (1992): 565â69.
60
A. Gibbons, “Where Are Diseases Born?” Science 261 (1993): 680â81.
61
N. Chiles, “In Rats' Realm,”
New York Newsday
, May 9, 1994: A8.
New York Newsday
, May 9, 1994: A8.
62
On-line as of mid-1993 were Cameroon, Congo, Ghana (Accra and Navrongo), Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Cuba, Canada, Australia, and the United States. By January 1995, Mali, Botswana, Sudan, Malawi, Ethiopia, and Gambia were scheduled to be on-line.
SatelLife is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
63
For a synopsis of what might be worth tracking in the environment, see N. Nichols, “Teleconnections and Death,” Chapter 16 in M. H. Glantz, R. W. Katz, and N. Nichols, eds.,
Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies
(Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
64
World Health Organization, “World Immunization Report,” released September 28, 1990, Geneva.
65
See E. W. Kitch, “The Vaccine Dilemma,”
Issues in Science and Technology
(Winter 1986): 108â22; B. M. Nkowane, S. G. F. Wassilak, W. A. Orenstein, et al., “Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
257 (1987): 1335â40; J. K. Inglehart, “Compensating Children with Vaccine-Related Injuries,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(1987): 1283â88; and R. W. Ellis and R. G. Douglas, “New Vaccine Technologies,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
271 (1994): 929â31.
Issues in Science and Technology
(Winter 1986): 108â22; B. M. Nkowane, S. G. F. Wassilak, W. A. Orenstein, et al., “Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
257 (1987): 1335â40; J. K. Inglehart, “Compensating Children with Vaccine-Related Injuries,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(1987): 1283â88; and R. W. Ellis and R. G. Douglas, “New Vaccine Technologies,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
271 (1994): 929â31.
66
D. A. Henderson, “New Challenges for Tropical Medicine Syndrome,” Charles Franklin Lecture at the annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Seattle, November 19, 1992.
67
J. Lederberg, speech before the Irvington Institute for Medical Research, Bankers Trust Company, New York, February 8, 1994.
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