Our Bodies, Ourselves (184 page)

33
. NARAL Pro-Choice America Foundation, “Discriminatory Restrictions on Abortion Funding Threaten Women's Health,” prochoiceamerica.org/assets/files/Abortion-Access-to-Abortion-Women-Government-Discriminatory-Restrictions.pdf.

34
. National Abortion Federation, “Service Women Overseas Deserve Better Access to Safe and Legal Health Care,” 2006, prochoice.org/policy/congress/women_military.html.

35
. Theodore J. Joyce et al., “The Impact of State Mandatory Counseling and Waiting Period Laws on Abortion: A Literature Review,” May 2009, guttmacher.org/pubs/MandatoryCounseling.pdf.

36
. Guttmacher Institute, “Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion as of March 1, 2011,” guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_MWPA.pdf, accessed October 7, 2010.

37
. National Cancer Institute, “Summary Report: Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer Workshop,” cancer.gov/cancertopics/ere-workshop-report.

38
. APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion,
Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion.

39
. Guttmacher Institute, “State Policies in Brief: An Overview of Minors' Consent Law,” May 1, 2011, gutt macher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_OMCL.pdf.

40
. T. Joyce, R. Kaestner, and S. Colman, “Changes in Abortions and Births and the Texas Parental Notification Law,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354, no. 10 (2006): 1031–38.

41
. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, “Fetal Awareness: Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice,” March 2010, rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/RCOGFetalAwarenessWPR0610.pdf.

1
. American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Age and Fertility: A Guide for Patients,” asrm.org/uploaded Files/ASRM_Content/Resources/Patient_Resources/Fact_Sheets_and_Info_Booklets/agefertility.pdf.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Alison Taylor, “ABC of Subfertility: Extent of the Problem,”
British Medical Journal
327 (2003): 434–36.

1
. Judith Dickson Luce, “Birthing Women and Midwife,” in
Birth Control and Controlling Birth
, ed. Helen B. Holmes, Betty Hoskins, and Michael Gross (Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, 1980), p. 240.

2
. M. Hatem et al., “Midwife-Led Versus Other Models of Care for Childbearing Women,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008,
www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004667.html
.

3
. R. A. Rosenblatt “Interspecialty Differences in the Obstetric Care of Low-Risk Women,”
American Journal of Public Health
87, no. 3 (1997): 344–51.

4
. K. C. Johnson, and B. A. Daviss, “Outcomes of Planned Home Births with Certified Professional Midwives: Large Prospective Study in North America,”
British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)
330, no. 7505 (2025): 1416; J. T. Fullerton et al., “Transfer Rates from Freestanding Birth Centers: A Comparison with the National Birth Center Study,”
Journal of Nurse-Midwifery
42, no. 1 (1997): 9–16.

5
. A. de Jonge et al., “Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity in a Nationwide Cohort of 529,688 Low-Risk Planned Home and Hospital Births,”
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
116, no. 9 (2009): 1177–84; E. K. Hutton, A. H. Reitsma, and K. Kaufman, “Outcomes Associated with Planned Home and Planned Hospital Births in Low-Risk Women Attended by Midwives in Ontario, Canada, 2003–2006: A Retrospective Cohort Study,”
Birth
36, no. 3 (2009): 180–89; P. A. Janssen et al., “Outcomes of Planned Home Birth with Registered Midwife Versus Planned Hospital Birth with Midwife or Physician,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
181, nos. 6–7 (2009): 377–83.

6
. Johnson and Daviss, “Outcomes of Planned Home Births.”

7
. Janssen et al., “Outcomes of Planned Home Birth.”

8
. J. R. Ickovics et al., “Group Prenatal Care and Perinatal Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
110, no. 2 (2007): 330–39.

9
. Eugene R. Declercq et al., “Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women's Childbearing Experiences,” Childbirth Connection, October 2006, childbirthconnection.org/pdfs/LTMII_ExecutiveSum.pdf.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Ickovics et al., “Group Prenatal Care and Perinatal Outcomes.”

12
. “Obesity in Pregnancy,” ACOG Committee Opinion,
Obstetrics & Gynecology
106, no. 3 (September 2005): 671–75.

13
. P. Simkin and P. Klaus,
When Survivors Give Birth: Understanding and Healing the Effects of Early Sexual Abuse on Childbearing Women
(Seattle, WA: Classic Day Publishing, 2004).

14
. International Cesarean Awareness Network, “New Survey Shows Shrinking Options for Women with Prior Cesarean: Bans on Vaginal Birth Force Women into Unnecessary Surgery,” February 20, 2009, ican-online.org/ican-in-the-news/trouble-repeat-cesareans.

15
. National Institutes of Health, “NIH Consensus Development Conference: Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: New Insights,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology
115, no. 6 (June 2010): 1279–95.

16
. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 115: Vaginal Birth After Previous Cesarean Delivery,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
116, no. 2, part 1 (2010): 450–63.

17
. B. N. Gaynes et al., “Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes,” February 2005, ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm. The full report is AHRQ Publication No. 05-EE006-2. This is a systematic review that reported a rate of 3 to 5 percent per trimester of pregnancy, with 7.5 percent of women experiencing an episode of major depression in pregnancy (i.e., depression that meets the criteria for a diagnosis).

18
. O. Vesga-López et al., “Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
65, no. 7 (2008): 805–15. They found that 5.6 percent of pregnant women
versus 8.1 percent of nonpregnant women met diagnostic criteria for depression (but the difference was not significant).

19
. “Depression During & After Pregnancy,” December 2007, parents.berkeley.edu/advice/pregnancy/depres sion.html.

20
. E. H. Turner et al., “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials and Its Influence on Apparent Efficacy,”
New England Journal of Medicine
358 (2008): 252–260; Irving Kirsch et al., “Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration,”
PLoS Medicine
, 5, no. 3 (2008); H. Edmund Pigott et al., “Efficacy and Effectiveness of Antidepressants: Current Status of Research,”
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
79 (2010): 267–79.

21
. S. Alwan et al., “Use of Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnancy and the Risk of Birth Defects,
New England Journal of Medicine
356 (2007): 2684.

22
. “Are Antidepressants Safe in Pregnancy? A Focus on SSRIs,”
Therapeutics Letter
76 (January–February 2010), ti.ubc.ca/letter 76.

23
. L. S. Cohen et al., “Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
295, no. 5 (February 1, 2006): 499–507. This study was the subject of a
Wall Street Journal
exposé (July 11, 2006), because among the thirteen study authors there were sixty undisclosed conflicts of interest. There were also serious methodological problems with this study: (1) the study was not blinded or randomized and failed to report on key health outcomes; (2) women were considered to have discontinued if they were off anti-depressants for one week or more in pregnancy, even if they took antidepressants the rest of the time, and any “recurrence” that occurred was linked or classified as being among “discontinuers” even if a woman had been on antidepressants for months before and after the recurrence occurred; (3) there was no protocol for gradual withdrawal from antidepressants, probably leading to some abrupt discontinuations that would increase the severity of withdrawal reactions; (4) the authors did not mention withdrawal reactions and failed to report a single withdrawal reaction; however, the timing of depression recurrences suggests that many were withdrawal reactions; (5) women were warned that if they withdrew from antidepressants, their depression might recur; (6) reporting of trial results was grossly inadequate—no serious or nonserious adverse reactions reported, no quality of life reported, no infant health outcomes reported. A factor making the results even harder to interpret is that the women in the study were warned ahead of time that if they stopped their antidepressants their depression might recur, but they were not warned about the possibility of drug withdrawal effects. This is likely to have led to some misdiagnoses.

24
. E. D. Hodnett et al., “Continuous Support for Women During Childbirth,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (July 18, 2007), ncbi.nlm.nih/pubmed/17636733.

1
. Eugene R. Declercq et al., “Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women's Childbearing Experiences,” Childbirth Connection, October 2006, childbirthconnection.org/pdfsLTMII_ExecutiveSum.pdf.

2
. American College of Nurse-Midwives, “Position Statement: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes (PROM) at Term,” October 2008, midwife.org/siteFiles/position/PROM_10_08.pdf.

3
. ACOG Committee on Practice, “ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 80: Premature Rupture of Membranes. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
109, no. 4 (2007): 1007–19.

4
. Margareta Eriksson et al., “Warm Tub Bath During Labor. A Study of 1385 Women with Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes After 34 Weeks of Gestation,”
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
75, no. 7 (1996): 642–44.

5
. V. Berghella, J. K. Baxter, and S. P. Chauhan, “Evidence-Based Labor and Delivery Management,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
199, no. 5 (2008): 445–54.

6
. J. L. Neal et al., “What Is the Slowest-Yet-Normal Cervical Dilation Rate Among Nulliparous Women with Spontaneous Labor Onset?”
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
39, no. 4 (2010): 361–69.

7
. R. M. Smyth, S. K. Alldred, and C. Markham, “Amniotomy for Shortening Spontaneous Labour,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology
11, no. 1 (January 2008): 204–5.

8
. L. J. Mayberry, D. Clemmens, and A. De, “Epidural Analgesia Side Effects, Co-interventions, and Care of Women During Childbirth: A Systematic Review,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
186, no. 5 suppl.
Nature
(2002): S81–S93.

9
. S. L. Clark et al., “Oxytocin: New Perspectives on an Old Drug,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
201, no. 3 (September 2009): 345–48.

10
. Declercq et al., “Listening to Mothers II.”

11
. Z. Alfirevic, D. Devane, and G. M. Gyte, “Continuous Cardiotocography (CTG) as a Form of Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) for Fetal Assessment During Labour,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, July 9, 2006,
www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006066.html
.

12
. Declercq et al., “Listening to Mothers II.”

13
. P. Simkin, and A. Bolding, “Update on Nonpharmaco-logic Approaches to Relieve Labor Pain and Prevent Suffering,”
Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
49, no. 6 (2004): 489–504.

14
. E. D. Hodnett, “Pain and Women's Satisfaction with the Experience of Childbirth: A Systematic Review,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
186, no. 5 suppl.
Nature
(2002): S160–S172.

15
. Penny Simkin and Ruth S. Ancheta,
The Labor Progress Handbook
, 2nd ed. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).

16
. Simkin and Bolding, “Update on Nonpharmacologic Approaches to Relieve Labor Pain and Prevent Suffering.”

17
. Ibid.

18
. M. A. Rosen, “Nitrous Oxide for Relief of Labor Pain: A Systematic Review,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
186, no. 5 suppl.
Nature
(2002): S110–S126.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Declercq et al., “Listening to Mothers II.”

21
. S. Jordan et al., “The Impact of Intrapartum Analgesia on Infant Feeding,”
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
112, no. 7 (2005): 927–34.

22
. M. Anim-Somuah, R. Smyth, and C. Howell, “Epidural Versus Non-epidural or No Analgesia in Labour,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005,
www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000331.htm
.

23
. Y. Beilin et al., “Effect of Labor Epidural Analgesia with and Without Fentanyl on Infant Breast-Feeding: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study,”
Anesthesiology
103, no. 6 (2005): 1211–17.

24
. J. Roberts, and L. Hanson, “Best Practices in Second Stage Labor Care: Maternal Bearing Down and Positioning,”
Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
52, no. 3 (2007): 238–45.

25
. K. R. Simpson and D. C. James, “Effects of Immediate Versus Delayed Pushing During Second-Stage Labor on Fetal Well-Being: A Randomized Clinical Trial,”
Nursing Research
54, no. 3 (2005): 149–57.