Lion of Jordan (110 page)

26
. Ibid., 64.

27
. Interview with Sir Roger Tomkys.

28
. ‘Memorandum of a Conversation', 10 December 1956,
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII,
74.

29
. Sir Harold Caccia to FO, 25 December 1956, FO 371/121525, PRO.

30
. ‘Memorandum of a Conversation', 17 January 1957,
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII,
81–3.

31
. Gideon Rafael to Foreign Ministry, 22 January 1957, 3745/1, ISA.

32
. Morris,
The Hashemite Kings,
214.

33
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
27.

34
. Shimshon Arad, Washington, ‘The Situation in Jordan', 29 April 1957, 3745/1, ISA.

35
. Robert B. Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 161.

36
. Ibid., 154.

37
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
133–4.

38
. Mallory to DOS, 13 February 1957,
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII,
84–6.

39
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
163.

40
. Ibid., 47–8.

41
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
128–31.

1
. Lester Mallory to the DOS, 29 March 1957,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957. Volume XIII. Near East: Jordan-Yemen
(Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1988), 88–9.

2
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956', 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, Public Record Office (PRO).

3
. Interview with Natheer Rasheed; and Joseph A. Massad,
Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 193.

4
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography
(London: Heinemann, 1962), 135.

5
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956', 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, PRO.

6
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
135.

7
. Uriel Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 56.

8
. James Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
(London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 216.

9
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
136.

10
. Elie Podeh, ‘The Struggle for Arab Hegemony after the Suez Crisis',
Middle Eastern Studies,
29:1 (January 1993).

11
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
137–51.

12
. Peter Snow,
Hussein: A Biography
(London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 108–13.

13
. Miles Copeland,
The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), 189.

14
. Interview with Natheer Rasheed.

15
. Johnston to Lloyd, 14 May 1957, FO 371.127880/VJ 1015/118. Cited in Robert B. Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 168.

16
.
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII,
94–7.

17
. Erskine B. Childers,
The Road to Suez: A Study of Western-Arab Relations
(London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1962), Appendix B, 397–401.

18
. Lawrence Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 45.

19
. Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein,
167.

20
. P. J. Vatikiotis,
Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion 1921–1957
(London: Frank Cass, 1967), 130–35.

21
. Childers,
The Road to Suez,
398.

22
. Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
49.

23
. Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism,
60.

24
.
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII.
100–109.

25
. Charles Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 61; and Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein,
171–2.

26
. Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism,
64.

27
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
62.

28
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957', 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.

29
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
62.

30
. Ibid, 79–81.

31
.
Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII,
109.

32
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957', 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.

33
. Wilbur Crane Eveland,
Ropes of Sand: America's Failure in the Middle East
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), 183–4.

34
. Ibid., 188.

35
. Ibid., 189–91.

36
. Bob Woodward, ‘CIA Paid Millions to Jordan's King Hussein',
Washington Post,
18 February 1977; Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 238.

37
. Philip Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan', unpublished manuscript, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin', Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College, Oxford, Chapter 30, 9–10.

38
. Interview with a former CIA official who wished to remain anonymous.

39
. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.

40
. Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein,
174–5.

41
. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957', 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.

42
. Ibid.

1
. Malcolm H. Kerr,
The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals 1958–1970,
3rd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1971).

2
. Elie Podeh,
The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic
(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999), 39–48. See also Patrick Seale,
The Struggle for Syria: A Study in Post-war Arab Politics 1945–1958
(London: Oxford University Press, 1965), 321.

3
. Podeh,
The Decline of Arab Unity,
47.

4
. Charles Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 88.

5
. James Lunt,
Hussein of Jordan
(London: Fontana/Collins, 1990), 70.

6
. I am grateful to Foulath Hadid for sharing with me his knowledge of Iraqi history during this period.

7
. Hussein bin Talal,
Mihnati ka-malik [My Profession as King],
in Arabic, (Amman: Al-Ahliyya Publishing House, [n.d.]), 140–46.

8
. Douglas Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970',
International History Review,
18:3 (August 1995).

9
. Harold Macmillan,
Riding the Storm 1956–1959
(London: Macmillan, 1971), 503.

10
. Lawrence Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 56.

11
. Mouayad Ibrahim K. al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, 1989), 321.

12
. Michael Ionides,
Divide and Lose: The Arab Revolt of 1955–1958
(London: Geoffrey Bles, 1960), 246.

13
. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv,
Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 55–6.

14
. Uriel Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 86–7.

15
. Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970'.

16
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography
(London: Heinemann, 1962), 160–61.

17
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

18
. Al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958', 330.

19
. Hussein. bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
155.

20
. Interview with Ali Shukri.

21
. Philip Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan', unpublished manuscript, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin', Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College, Oxford, Chapter 29,1 5.

22
. Eliezer Be'eri,
Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society
(New York: Praeger, 1970), 176.

23
. Humphrey Trevelyan,
The Middle East in Revolution
(London: Macmillan, 1970), 135–7.

24
. For an analysis of a first-hand account of the massacre see Elie Kedourie,
Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies
(London: Frank Cass, 1974), 179–82.

25
. Al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958', 327–8.

26
. Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970'.

27
. Heath Mason to FO, 16 July 1958, FO 371/134038/30190, Public Record Office (PRO).

28
. Macmillan,
Riding the Storm 1956–1959,
518.

29
. Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan', Chapter 29, 15.

30
. Macmillan,
Riding the Storm 1956–1959,
518.

31
. Avi Shlaim, ‘Israel, the Great Powers, and the Middle East Crisis of 1958',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History,
27:2 (May 1999).

32
. David Ben-Gurion's diary, 14 July 1958, Ben-Gurion Archive, Sede-Boker.

33
. Lord Hood to Sir William Hayter, 9 September 1958, FO 371/134279, PRO.

34
. Minute by C. A. E. Shuckburgh, 28 July 1958, FO 371/134289/30190, PRO.

35
. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.

36
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
168.

37
. Ibid., 167.

38
. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.

39
. Ibid.

40
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
104.

41
. James Morris,
The Hashemite Kings
(London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 220.

42
. Ibid., 222.

43
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan, 106.

44
. Robert B. Satloff, ‘The Jekyll-and-Hyde Origins of the US-Jordanian Strategic Relationship' in
The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment,
ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003), 128.

45
.
Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957. Volume XIII. Near East: Jordan-Yemen
(Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1988), 74–7.

46
. Dann,
King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism,
91.

47
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
107.

48
. Macmillan,
Riding the Storm 1956–1959,
524.

49
. Johnston,
The Brink of Jordan,
108–11.

50
. Ibid., 109, 112.

51
. Hussein bin Talal,
Uneasy Lies the Head,
172.

52
. Ibid., 179–85.

53
. Tal,
Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan,
65.