Read Lincoln in the World Online
Authors: Kevin Peraino
Lincoln in the World (66 page)
7
. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” Oct. 4, 1854,
CWL
, v. 2, p. 255. See also Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom
, passim; and McPherson,
Tried by War
, p. 132 (re: new birth).
8
. Wilson,
Patriotic Gore
, pp. xxxi–xxxii; McDougall,
Throes of Democracy
, p. 400.
9
. Fulbright quoted in McDougall,
Promised Land
,
Crusader State
, p. 206. McDougall’s survey of the American foreign-policy tradition is an eloquent analysis of the battle between the competing visions of America as beacon and crusader. Reinhold Niebuhr has also trenchantly described the tension between love and justice in foreign affairs: “A rational ethic aims at justice,” Niebuhr explains, “and a religious ethic makes love the ideal.” (Niebuhr,
Moral Man and Immoral Society
, p. 57).
10
. Herndon, “Analysis of the Character of Abraham Lincoln,” p. 347 (Herndon quote).
11
. Donald, “A Whig in the White House,” in
Lincoln Reconsidered
, p. 133 (“peculiar paradox”).
12
. Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 1, p. 57.
13
. O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, pp. 155–56 (house description, size of dining room); Gilder and Gilder, eds.,
Authors at Home
, pp. 140–44. See also Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 146.
14
. Gilder and Gilder, eds.,
Authors at Home
, p. 141 (Seward’s house); Adams,
Education of Henry Adams
, pp. 325–26 (“would suddenly break off”); O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 216 (lullabies).
15
. Burlingame, ed.,
Abraham Lincoln: The Observations of John G. Nicolay and John Hay
, p. 1 (1886 excerpts).
16
. Nicolay and Hay,
Abraham Lincoln: A History
, v. 1, pp. 216 (“young, bright”), 232–33 (Texas), 273 (“obstinately obtuse”).
17
. Norman Ferris has analyzed the effects of Nicolay and Hay’s biography on Seward’s reputation in his essay “Lincoln and Seward in Civil War Diplomacy,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
, v. 12, no. 1 (1991).
18
. Nicolay and Hay,
Abraham Lincoln: A History
, v. 3, pp. 445 (“extraordinary state paper” and “continental crusade”) and 449 (“how serious a fault”). For Hay’s respect for Seward, see Dennett,
John Hay
, pp. 52 and 266; and Donald, “
We Are Lincoln Men
,” p. 201.
19
. [Lincoln,] “Meditation on the Divine Will,” [Sept. 2, 1862?,]
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 403–4. See also
CWL
, v. 8, p. 333 (second inaugural to Hay).
20
. Herndon to Jesse Weik, Dec. 5, 1886, HW, LOC (“unimportant trash”); Herndon to Weik, Feb. 11, 1887, HW, LOC;
HL
, p. 347 (“march of time”).
21
. Herndon to Horace White, n.d., in Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
, p. 308 (“Job’s turkey”); Clymer, “John Milton Hay,” in Garraty and Carnes, eds.,
American National Biography
, v. 10 (New York, 1999), p. 368 (Hay’s donations etc.).
22
.
Missouri Republican
, Dec. 30, 1861, in Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journal
ist, p. 181 (“met and tamed”); O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 128 (country house); Clymer,
John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat
, p. 104 (“more English”). On Hay’s Anglophilia see also Clymer, “John Milton Hay,”
American National Biography
, p. 368.
23
. Clymer,
John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat
, p. 102 (Hawaii); Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 220 (“Pax Britannica”); Hay, “A Partnership in Beneficence,”
Addresses of John Hay
, pp. 78–79; Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 2, p. 181 (Victoria quote).
24
. O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, pp. 294 (Cairo), 296 (“cowboy regiment”), 295 (“chocolate éclair” and “take Cuba”). See also Clymer,
John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat
, pp. 114–15, 119 (not pushing like TR); and Clymer, “John Milton Hay,”
American National Biography
, p. 369 (drawing closer).
25
. Hay to Roosevelt, July 27, 1898, in Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 2, p. 337 (“splendid” etc.); Clymer, “John Milton Hay,”
American National Biography
, p. 369 (favored annexation of Philippines etc.); Clymer,
John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat
, p. 139 (“I cannot”). Evan Thomas offers a slightly different interpretation of Hay’s “splendid little war” letter. Thomas finds “a wonderfully smug assumption” in Hay’s appeal to the “American character,” pointing out that Hay implies “that the essential American character is better—somehow more decent—than that of other nations.” (Thomas,
War Lovers
, p. 364.)
26
. Hay to Adams, July 8, 1900, quoted in Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 298 (“Absolute”); Lincoln, “Emancipation Proclamation,” Jan. 1, 1863,
CWL
, vol. 6, p. 30 (“considerate judgment”). This line, which echoes Thomas Jefferson’s appeal to the “opinions of mankind,” was added at the suggestion of treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase. See Guelzo,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 179.
27
. O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 304 (view); Lincoln quoted in Hofstadter,
American Political Tradition
, p. 173 (“ashes and blood”); Hay to Sir John Clark, Sept. 18, 1900, in Dennett,
John Hay
, pp. 324–25 (“dust and ashes”).
28
. On the Open Door notes, see “Open Door policy,”
Encyclopaedia Britannica (Micropaedia
), v. 8, p. 962; Clymer, “John Milton Hay,” p. 369; Herring, pp. 331–35; and Mead,
Special Providence
, p. 108. See also LaFeber,
American Age
, p. 219 (“key to world politics”); Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
, p. 567; and Paolino,
Foundations
, p. 212; (reciprocity becomes Open Door).
29
. Thomas,
The War Lovers
, pp. 140–41 (sandwich cart, devout, etc.);
McKinley quoted in O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 345; Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 335 (“stabilization”); Adams,
Education of Henry Adams
, p. 503 (“combine”).
30
. Dennett,
John Hay
, pp. 335 (Dennett quote), 401 (“crusading”); Adams,
Education of Henry Adams
, p. 392 (“broke in halves”). See also Weinberg,
Manifest Destiny
, p. 462.
31
. Hay to Roosevelt, July 27, 1898, in Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 2, p. 337 (right after all); Peterson,
Lincoln in American Memory
, p. 164 (telling TR Lincoln stories); Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, Jan. 28, 1909, quoted in Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side
, p. xii (“delightful man”); Hay to Roosevelt, Mar. 3, 1905, in Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 2, p. 363 (ring).
32
. Clymer, “John Milton Hay,”
American National Biography
, p. 370 (Panama Canal); Clymer,
John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplo
mat, p. 210 (preferred McKinley). Clymer adds, however, that the two men “agreed … more than they disagreed.” See also Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 419 (TR and reciprocity); O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 371 (Canadian boundary); Hay to his wife, July 4, 1903, in Dennett,
John Hay
, p. 347 (“no comfort”); Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, Jan. 28, 1909, in O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 389.
33
. Hay, “The Press and Modern Progress,” May 19, 1904, in
Addresses of John Hay
, pp. 243 (“irresistible power”), 250 (“cosmic tendency”).
34
. Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Tucker, ed.,
Marx-Engels Reader
, p. 595. My thinking about this dynamic was also informed by Arthur Schlesinger Jr.’s brilliant book
The Cycles of American History
(Franklin Center, Pa., 1986), especially chapter one, “The Theory of America: Experiment or Destiny?” Schlesinger writes in the book’s foreword, “Science and technology revolutionize our lives, but memory, tradition, and myth frame our response. Expelled from individual consciousness by the rush of change, history finds its revenge by stamping the collective unconscious with habits, values, expectations, dreams. The dialectic between past and future will continue to form our lives.” (Schlesinger, p. xviii.)
35
. Thayer,
John Hay
, v. 2, pp. 399, 405–7. See also Goodwin, p. 753; and O’Toole,
Five of Hearts
, p. 384. For a fictional rendering of this scene, see Vidal, “Those Whom the Gods Would Disappoint They First Make Charming,”
Books at Brown
(Providence, 1990), pp. 8–10.
ELECTED
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