In Pursuit of Silence (42 page)

Researchers from the University of Zurich
:
Elisabetta Vannoni and Alan G. McElligott, “Low Frequency Groans Indicate Larger and More Dominant Fallow Deer (
Dama dama
) Males,”
PloS One
3, 9 (September 2008): 1–8.

At the peak of the rut
:
Elisabetta Vannoni, e-mail to author, summer 2009.

with significant traffic noise
:
Kirsten M. Parris, Meah Velik-Lord, and Joanne M. A. North, “Frogs Call at a Higher Pitch in Traffic Noise,”
Ecology and Society
14, 1 (2009),
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art25/
.

has tied the vulnerable submissiveness
:
John J. Ohala, “The Acoustic Origin of the Smile,”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
68, S1 (November 1980): S33.

“the more likely it is”
:
John J. Ohala, “The Frequency Code Underlies the Sound-Symbolic use of Voice Pitch,” in
Sound Symbolism
, Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, and John J. Ohala, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 325–47.

Since we are biologically
:
Reuven Tsur, “Size-Sound Symbolism Revisited,”
Journal of Pragmatics
38 (2006): 905–24.

object called a “bull-roarer”
:
Mircea Eliade,
Patterns of Comparative Religion
, Rosemary Sheed, trans. (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958), 41–42.

“It’s all about pecking order”
:
David Huron, interview by author at the Third Annual Symposium on Music and the Brain, Stanford University, May 16–17, 2008.

“Sound is a brute force”
:
Daniel Gaydos, interview by author, summer 2008. Gaydos and I spoke on several occasions after my initial interview with him, and he was an immense help to me in understanding the physics of sound and human sound perception.

the brains of many ADD
:
Dr. Kenny Handelman, “White Noise Helps
with Concentration in ADD/ADHD,” The ADD ADHD Blog, September 2007,
http://www.addadhdblog.com/white-noise-helps-with-concentration-in-addadhd
.

already disordered cognitive
:
Chris Chatham, “When Noise Helps: Stochastic Resonance and ADHD,” Developing Intelligence Blog, September 21, 2007,
http://scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/09/when_noise_helps_stochastic_re_1.php
; and Lucy Jane Miller, interview by author, fall 2009.

When you play two notes
:
For example, see Jamie James,
The Music of the Spheres: Music, Science, and the Natural Order of the Universe
(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995), 33–35.

The Pythagorean moment
:
M. F. Burnyeat, “Other Lives,”
London Review of Books
, February 22, 2007.

Pythagoras compared the entire
:
Marc Lachièze-Rey and Jean-Pierre Luminet,
Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space
, Joe Laredo, trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 61.

Apollo, the sun God
:
Edith Wysse,
The Myth of Apollo and Marsyas in the Art of the Italian Renaissance
(Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 27–28.

Augustine added a Christian framework
:
Brian Brennan, “Augustine’s ‘De musica,’”
Vigilae Christianae
42, 3 (September 1988): 267–81.

In the summer of 2008
:
David Ian Miller, “Move Over Madonna,”
SF Gate
, July 28, 2008,
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2008/07/28/findrelig.DTL
.

“the regular breathing”
:
Aristotle A. Esguerra, “Gregorian Chanting Can Reduce Blood Pressure and Stress,”
Daily Mail
, May 2, 2008.

“We love similarity”
:
Umberto Eco,
Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 31.

A contemporary sound designer
:
David Sonneschein, interview by author, spring 2009.

“There’s the base frequency”
:
Andy Niemiec, interview by author, winter 2008. In addition to our initial interview, Niemiec and I had an e-mail exchange that was an inestimable help to me in understanding
many aspects of how the brain maps sound waves. He also pointed me to many references that were vital to my research.

Recently a few researchers
:
Sukhbinder Kumar et al., “Mapping Unpleasantness of Sounds to Their Auditory Representation,”
Journal of Acoustical Society of America
124, 6 (December 2008): 3810–17.

“at all of his public”
:
“Hitler at the Top of His Dizzy Path,”
New York Times
, February 5, 1933.

“almost apocalyptic vision”
:
Leni Riefenstahl,
Leni Riefenstahl: A Memoir
(New York: Picador, 1992), 101.

“no part catching up”
:
Mark Whittle, “Primal Scream: Sounds from the Big Bang,”
http://www.astro.virginia.edu/∼dmw8f/griffith05/griffith.html
.

“It’s so difficult getting”
:
Michael Morrison, interview by author, spring 2008.

“Right?” Leanne Flask
:
Leanne Flask, interview by author, summer 2008. She was my guide to Barton Creek Square mall. She also gave generously of her time for several phone interviews and e-mail exchanges.

“relax in the noise of familiars”
:
Irving Howe,
World of Our Fathers
(New York: Galahad Books, 1994), 257.

“unnecessary rackets”
:
“Mrs. Rice Seeks Noise; And Finds It, Plenty of It, on the East Side,”
New York Times
, November 7, 1908.

“only a few sentimental”
:
“East Side Pushcart Market About to Vanish,”
New York Times
, January 5, 1940.

“feel its sounds”
:
Ker Than, “Stone Age Art Caves May Have Been Concert Halls,”
National Geographic News
, July 2, 2008.

“even in a place unsuited”
:
Iegor Reznikoff, “On the Sound Dimension of Prehistoric Painted Caves and Rocks,” in
Musical Signification: Essays on the Semiotic Theory and Analysis of Music
, Eero Tarasti, ed. (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995), 547.

his whole body vibrating
:
Iegor Reznikoff, “On Primitive Elements of Musical Meaning,”
JMM: The Journal of Music and Meaning
3 (Fall
2004/Winter 2005),
http://www.musicandmeaning.net/issues/showArticle.php?artID=3.2
.

moving in synchrony
:
Scott S. Wiltermuth and Chip Heath, “Synchrony and Cooperation,”
Psychological Science
3, 2 (2009): 3.

from January 1939
:
“Pier Equipped for Music Night and Day to Make Longshoremen Work Happily,”
New York Times
, January 29, 1939.

“riveting to rhythm”
:
F. H. McConnell, “Riveting to Rhythm,”
New York Times
, August 31, 1941.

number-two complaint
:
Nicholas Sampogna, of
Zagat Survey
, provided me with statistical data from Zagat indicating the prevalence of different complaints of restaurant patrons over multiple years.

a “double bomb” rating
:
Michael Bauer, “Is Noise Hazardous to Your Health,” Between Meals blog, posted August 16, 2007,
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi=bin/blogs/mbauer/detail?blogid=26&entry_id=19428
.

The first rigorous study
:
Ronald E. Milliman, “The Influence of Background Music on the Behaviour of Restaurant Patrons,”
Journal of Consumer Research
13 (September 1986): 286–89.

at Fairfield University
:
Vincent Bozzi, “Eat to the Beat,”
Psychology Today
20 (February 1986): 16.

Dick Clark’s American Bandstand Grill
:
Andrea Petersen, “Restaurants: Restaurants Bring In da Noise to Keep Out da Nerds,”
The Wall Street Journal
, December 30, 1997.

researchers at the Université de Bretagne-Sud
:
Nicholas Guéguen et al., “Sound Level of Environmental Music and Drinking Behavior: A Field Experiment with Beer Drinkers,”
Alcoholism: Clinical and Environmental Research
32, 10 (October 2008).

heightens the effect of MDMA
:
Michelangelo Iannone et al., “Electrocortical Effects of MDMA Are Potentiated by Acoustic Stimulation in Rats,”
BMC Neuroscience
7, 13 (February 16, 2006).

A group of men
:
C. Ferber and M. Cabanac, “Influence of Noise on Gustatory Affective Ratings and Preference for Sweet or Salt,”
Appetite
8, 3 (June 1987): 229–35.

eat potato chips
:
Massimiliano Zampini and Charles Spence,
“The Role of Auditory Cues in Modulating the Perceived Crispness and Staleness of Potato Chips,”
Journal of Sensory Studies
19, 5 (October 2004): 347–63.

“one of the loudest places”
:
Marc Weizer, “Tiger Stadium One of Loudest Places in Nation,”
Athens Banner-Herald
, October 23, 2008.

Sports Illustrated
put Arrowhead
:
Wikipedia, Arrowhead Stadium,
http://armchairgm.wikia.com/Arrowhead_Stadium

“it scared the hell”
:
Frank Schwab, “Visitors Not Welcome/Rowdy Fans in the ‘Black Hole’ Make Games,”
The Gazette
, November 30, 2003.

reached 127.2 decibels
:
MCT News Service, “Autzen is a nightmare for opposing teams; can USC handle hostile Oregon crowd?”
Daily Press
, October 28, 2009.

loudest roofed stadium
: Sports Illustrated
, photo gallery,
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/topic/video/Qwest_Field/
1900-01-01/2100-12-31/8/376/index.htm
.

eleven false-start
:
John Branch, “For N.F.L., Crowd Noise Is a Headache”
New York Times
, September 24, 2006.

“That place had to be miked up”
:
“In Seattle, 49ers Must Deal with Crowd Noise,”
The Mercury News
, September 13, 2008.

“The building doesn’t make”
:
Jack Wrightson, interview by author, fall 2008.

It’s also every electronic
:
Doug Robinson, “Games Have Gotten Way Too Loud,”
Deseret News
, May 27, 2008.

“right in your ear”
:
Judy Battista, “Colts’ Crowd Noise Is ‘Like a Loud Train That Never Stops,’”
New York Times
, January 15, 2006.

“We’re pattern recognizers”
:
Wade Bray, interview by author, spring 2008.

affiliated with Boston University
:
Karen M. Warkentin, “How Do Embryos Assess Risk? Vibrational Cues in Predator-Induced Hatching of Red-eyed Treefrogs,”
Animal Behaviour
70, 1 (July 2, 2005): 59–71.

“The army told me”
:
Dr. J. Gregory McDaniel, interview by author, spring 2009. McDaniel gave a compelling talk on his research on April 24, 2009 at the Waves and Signs conference at MIT and also provided me with a number of papers by him and his colleagues that gave me further insight into communication and sound perception among frogs and frog embryos.

At a meeting
:
“Roar of Cities Has Musical Undertone,”
New York Times
, January 4, 1931.

a series of extraordinary
:
Warren Moscow, “Protests Cause End Tonight of Grand Central Broadcasts,”
New York Times
, January 2, 1950.

the old Stork Club
:
Ralph Blumenthal, “Paley Is Donating a Vest-Pocket Park to the City on Stork Club Site,”
New York Times
, February 2, 1967.

“a corner of quiet delights”
:
Jack Manning, “Tiny Paley Park Opens with a Splash,”
New York Times
, May 24, 1967.

“acoustic perfume”
:
“To Reduce City’s Din,”
New York Times
, June 5, 1967.

Jacob Riis is credited
:
Thomas P. F. Hoving, “Think Big About Small Parks,”
New York Times
, April 10, 1966.

“sit-ability”
:
William H. Whyte, “Please Just a Nice Place to Sit,”
New York Times
, December 3, 1972.

John Evelyn, the seventeenth-century
:
Gilbert Chinard, “The American Philosophical Society and the Early History of Forestry in America,”
American Philosophical Society Proceedings
89, 2 (July 1945).

Deaf man watching
:
Michael Fried,
Absorption and Theatricality
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 78.

“an unbearable racket”
:
Ibid., 41.

“vision-for-action channel”
:
Ladislav Kesner, “The Role of Cognitive Competence in the Art Museum Experience,”
Museum Management and Curatorship
21, 1 (March 2006): 1–16.

“As we listened”
:
F. T. Marinetti,
Futurist Manifesto
, Umbro Apollonio, ed., Robert Brain et al., trans. (New York: Viking Press, 1973), 19–24.

“Today, noise is triumphant”
:
Luigi Russolo, “The Art of Noises: A Futurist Manifesto (Mar. 1913)” in
Modernism: An Anthology
, Lawrence S. Rainey, ed. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 23.

800,000 pamphlets
:
Marjorie Perloff, “‘Violence and Precision’: The Manifesto as Art Form,”
Chicago Review
34, 2 (Spring 1984),
http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/review/60th/pdfs/56bperloff.pdf
.