 | chology and Gender
, eds. R. A. Nienstbier and T. B. Donderroger (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), pp. 179226.
|
| 14. J. Richard Udry, "The Nature of Gender,"
Demography
, Vol. 31 (1994), pp. 561573. Also see Martin Daly and Margo Wilson,
Sex, Evolution, and Behavior: Adaptations for Reproduction
(North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press, 1978), p. 319.
|
| 15. Elizabeth R. McCown, "Sex Differences: The Female as Baseline for Species Description," in
Sexual Dimorphism in Homo Sapiens: A Question of Size
, ed. Roberta L. Hall (New York: Praeger, 1982), pp. 3783.
|
| 16. Richard Dawkins,
The Selfish Gene
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
|
| 17. Alfred M. Dufty, Jr., "Testosterone and Survival: A Cost of Aggressiveness?"
Hormones and Behavior
, Vol. 23, (1989), pp. 185193. Also, Ellen D. Ketterson and Val Nolan, Jr., "Hormones and Life Histories: An Integrative Approach,"
The American Naturalist
, Vol. 140 (1992), pp. S33S62.
|
| 18. C. A. Marler and M. C. Moore, "Evolutionary Costs of Aggression Revealed by Testosterone Manipulations in Free-Living Male Lizards,"
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
, Vol. 23 (1988), pp. 2126.
|
| 19. The relation between castration and longevity is discussed by Malcolm Potts and Roger Short in
Ever Since Adam and Eve: The Evolution of Human Sexuality
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 257, where it is noted that refraining from smoking increases life expectancy by 4.9 years, while getting castrated increases it by 13.6 years. Papers on the topic include James B. Hamilton and Gordon E. Mestler, "Mortality and Survival: Comparison of Eunuchs with Intact Men and Women in a Mentally Retarded Population,"
Journal of Gerontology
, Vol. 24 (1969), pp. 394411; James B. Hamilton, Ruth S. Hamilton, and Gordon E. Mestler, "Duration of Life and Causes of Death in Domestic Cats: Influence of Sex, Gonadectomy, and Inbreeding,"
Journal of Gerontology
, Vol. 24 (1969), pp. 427437; Peter A. Jewell, "Survival and Behaviour of Castrated Soay Sheep (
Ovis aries
) in a Feral Island Population on Hirta, St. Kilda, Scotland,"
Journal of Zoology
, Vol. 243 (1997), pp. 623636.
|
| 20. See J. Biasiotto and A. Ferrardo, "What's the Attraction?"
Muscle & Fitness
, March 1991, pp. 101 ff. See also, P.J. Lavrakas, "Female Preference for Male Physiques,"
Journal of Research in Personality
, Vol. 9 (1975), pp. 324334.
|
| 21. Michael J. Raleigh and Michael T. McGuire, "Social Influences on Endocrine Function in Male Vervet Monkeys," in
Socioendocrinology of Primate Reproduction
, eds. Toni E. Ziegler and Fred B. Bercovitch (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990), pp. 95111.
|
| 22. Edward M. Miller, "Parental Provisioning versus Mate Seeking in Human Populations,"
Personality and Individual Differences
, Vol. 17 (1994), pp. 227255.
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