Distant Voices (78 page)

138
Indochina Digest
, February 21, 1992.

139
The
Washington Post
, January 26, 1992.

140
The first quotation is from the
Guardian
, November 20, 1991; the second is from Reuter, November 16, 1991.

141
I am grateful to Catherine Lumby for this, and other observations, in her excellent article in the
Sydney Morning Herald
, November 30, 1991.

142
The
Washington Post
, January 26, 1992; also Ben Kiernan,
Khmer Rouge Strategy in Cambodia: Exploiting and Subverting the UN Agreement
, 1992.

143
The
New York Times
, November 15, 1991.

144
Gareth Porter,
Kampuchea's UN Seat: Cutting the Pol Pot Connection
, Indo-China issue no. 8, July 1980.

145
Private communication following the Caithness meeting in Phnom Penh.

146
As told to the author.

147
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, October 20, 1990.

148
Sunday
, National Nine Network Australia, September 1, 1991.

149
Indochina Digest
, June 19, 1992.

150
Sunday
, cited by Dennis Shoesmith in
Cambodia after the Paris Agreements
, February 17, 1992.

151
The
Observer
, December 1, 1991.

152
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, February 29, 1992.

153
The
Bangkok Post
, citing Agence France Presse, March 28, 1992.

154
Cambodian Chronicles (IV), EFERC 9, July 2, 1992.

155
Cambodian Chronicles (III), EFERC 7, May 11, 1992; and Paul Davies,
Cambodia: Interference is not aid
, May 26, 1992.

156
Paul Davies.

157
Reuter, June 3, 1992.

158
United Press International, May 30, 1992.

159
Reuter, June 10, 1992.

160
Ibid., June 11, 1992.

161
Land Mines in Cambodia: The Coward's War
, Asia Watch, New York, September 1991, pp. 1, 2.

162
Ibid.

163
Indochina Digest
, May 1, 1992.

164
Reuter, January 2, 1992.

165
Repression Trade UK Limited: How the UK makes Torture and Death its Business
, Amnesty International, January 1992.

166
Reuter, January 15, 1992.

167
Letter from Rae McGrath to the
Guardian
, January 20, 1992 (unpublished).

168
Letter from Derek Tonkin to the Editor,
Vietnam Broadsheet
, March 5, 1992, published summer issue 1992.

169
As told to Paul Donovan, April 24, 1992. (Verbatim notes supplied.)

I wrote to Tonkin on May 18, 1992 and advised him I was writing for publication about his latest involvement in Indo-China. My letter said, ‘I have a copy of your letter for publication in
Vietnam Broadsheet
(March 5, 1992) in which you state that your firm has plans for mines clearance in Cambodia. Paul Donovan has given me a record of his conversation with you and your associate, Neil Shrimpton, in which you identify Royal Ordnance as the company with which you are seeking contracts for clearing mines. Would you like to comment on this?

‘On the question of mine-laying, I note in your letter of 5 March, 1992 that you say “the only detailed account, claiming any authority”, about the type of military training given by British troops to Cambodian guerrillas is
Jane's Defence Weekly
. This, of course, is not correct.

‘In September, 1991 Asia Watch and the Mines Advisory Group produced a comprehensive and expert report giving details of British instruction in mine-laying to Cambodian guerrillas. Amnesty International subsequently produced a report based upon the Asia Watch and Mines Advisory Group study. I presume you have read this.

‘In reviewing your public statements on this matter I note that you have not denied that, during your time as ambassador to Thailand, British troops trained Cambodian guerrillas to lay mines. Is this still your position? Or do you deny it?'

Tonkin replied on May 25, 1992, that he had ‘no wish to make any comment'.

170
As told to the author, June 1989, and repeated in part of
Cambodia Year Ten
, Central Television, November 1989.

171
Cambodia Year Ten.

172
Letter from John Pedler to the author, February 3, 1992.

173
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, November 30, 1991.

174
The
Spectator
, November 2, 1991.

175
Vietnam: A Television History
, Programme 9, ‘The Secret War: Laos and Cambodia', Central Television, 1983.

176
Michael Vickery,
Cambodia After the Peace
, Samizdat, Penang, December 1991, cited by Jennar, p. 16.

177
Roger Normand,
The Nation
, August 27, 1990.

178
Ben Kiernan,
Cambodia's Missed Chance
, pp. 2–4.

179
The Economist
, September 30, 1989.

180
Cambodia: The Betrayal
, Central Television, 1990; also from untransmitted material.

181
The
Far Eastern Economic Review
, March 2, 1989.

182
Senator Bob Kerrey; testimony before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 11, 1991.

183
Ben Kiernan,
Cambodia's Missed Chance
, p. 10.

184
Ibid.

185
Stephen R. Heder, a Cambodian scholar who was worked both for the US State Department and Amnesty International, found that ‘after careful examination of all the available evidence, I have seen no evidence that any of the ex-Khmer Rouge in positions of high political authority in today's Cambodia were involved in large-scale or systematic killing of Cambodian civilians'.
Recent Developments in Cambodia
, a paper presented at the Australian National University on September 5, 1990.

186
Martha Gellhorn,
The Face of War
, Virago, London, 1986, p. 254.

187
Interviewed on film in October 1992 for
Return to Year Zero
, Central Television, March 1993.

188
Ibid.

189
The Melbourne
Age
, cited in the
Bulletin
, May 11, 1993.

190
Report by the Danish-based Child International, sponsored by UNICEF, cited in the
Guardian
, November 11, 1993.

191
Document seen by the author.

192
Correspondence with the author.

193
The
New Statesman and Society
(letters), July 2, 1993.

194
See William Shawcross, the
Washington Post
, March 16, 1980.

195
The
New Statesman and Society
, May 28, 1993; the
National
Catholic Reporter
, May 14, 1993; also communication with the author.

196
Roger Normand,
The Nation
, August 27, 1990.

197
The
Guardian
magazine, May 22, 1993.

198
The
Independent
, May 10, 1993.

199
The
Australian
, June 26, 1993.

200
The
Phnom Penh Post
, June 6–12, 1993.

201
Time
magazine, December 28, 1992; the
Daily Telegraph
, May 12, 1993; the
New York Times
, October 11, 1993.

202
Private communication.

203
Interviewed by the author, June 1993. See Craig Etcheson, ‘The Calm Before the Storm', CORKR Situation Report, March 1993.

204
See
Indochina Newsletter
, Issue 79, 1993, No. 1.

205
Cited in
Indochina Digest
, June 1993.

206
Indochina Newsletter
, Issue 79, 1993, No. 1.

207
The
Far Eastern Economic Review
, February 4, 1993.

208
Ibid.

209
Nayan Chanda, ‘Cambodia in search of an elusive peace', Aspen Institute, Vol. 8, No. 2, February 8, 1993.

210
Roger Normand,
The Nation
, August 27, 1990.

211
John Pedler,
Cambodia: A Report on the International and Internal Situation and the Future Outlook
, NGO Forum on Kampuchea, London, April 1989.

212
Indochina Digest
, October 1993.

213
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, December 28, 1993.

214
The
Guardian
, December 23, 1993.

215
Report by Paul Davies,
MAG
South East Asia Desk Officer, April 28, 1994.

216
The
Phnom Penh Post
, August 13–26, 1993.

217
The
Far Eastern Economic Review
, cited in
Indochina Digest
, August 1992.

218
The
National Catholic Reporter
, May 14, 1992.

219
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, cited in
Indochina Digest
, February 1993.

220
Report to the UN Economic and Social Council, July 2, 1985.

221
The
Washington Post
, January 26, 1992.

222
Cited by Penny Edwards, the
Guardian
, November 4, 1989.

X UNDER THE VOLCANO

1
IBON Databank study, cited in the
Daily Globe,
November 11, 1991.

2
The
Daily Globe,
October 9, 1991.

3
War by Other Means
, Central Television, 1991.

4
James Goodno,
The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises
, pp. 3–7.

5
Letter to the author.

6
James Goodno,
The Philippines,
pp. 5, 6.

7
Ibid., p. 4.

8
AMPO Japan-Asia Quarterly Review
, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1990.

9
The
Daily Globe,
October 10, 1991.

10
Amnesty International report, cited in
New Statesman and Society,
June 21, 1991.

11
James Goodno,
The Philippines,
p. 287.

12
The
Guardian,
October 31, 1991.

13
The
Guardian,
October 30, 1991.

14
Ibid.

15
Do They Feel My Shadow?
, made by Goldhawk Films, broadcast BBC 2, July 4, 1991.

16
Martha Gellhorn,
The Face of War,
Virago, London, 1986, p. 254.

17
The
New York Times
, August 5, 1991.

18
The Nation,
June 17, 1991.

19
Heroes,
pp. 138, 139.

20
The
Guardian,
June 27, 1992.

21
The
Guardian,
May 29, 1991.

22
Market International Report (Ethiopia summary), January 1979, cited in
Behind the War in Eritrea,
edited by Basil Davidson, Lionel Cliffe and Bereket Hable Selassie, Spokesman, Nottingham, 1980, p. 39.

23
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary
, June 1991.

24
Ibid.

XI AUSTRALIA

1
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, August 3, 1987.

2
In February 1992 youth unemployment was estimated at 34 per cent. Source: Radio 2UE Sydney economic analysis, February 4, 1992.

3
1986 OECD figures researched by Carole Sklan for
The Last Dream
, Central Television, 1988.

4
Direct Action
, November 29, 1988.

5
The
Sun-Herald
, December 15, 1991.

6
Statex –
Sydney Morning Herald
study, October 31, 1987.

7
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, February 21, 1992.

8
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, February 15, 1992.

9
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, February 18, 1992; Radio 2UE economic analysis, February 14, 1992.

10
Geoff Page, ‘Inscription at Villers-Bretonneux', in
Shadows from Wire: Poems and Photographs of Australia in the Great War
, ed. Geoff Page, Penguin, Sydney, 1983, p. 94.

11
Historian James Rusbridger referred to a secret memo sent by British Chiefs of Staff to Churchill in August 1940 – which maintained that Singapore could not be defended. The memo is one of a number of documents omitted from official histories of the period and which, according to Rusbridger, demonstrate that Churchill withheld the warning on Singapore from the governments of Australia and New Zealand. See the
Sun-Herald
, February 16, 1992; the
Guardian
, February 28, 1992.

12
John Pilger,
A Secret Country
, Vintage Books, London, 1992, p. 159.

13
Manning Clark,
The Quest for an Australian Identity
, James Duhig Memorial Lecture delivered at the University of Queensland in 1979; published by University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1980, p. 18.

14
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, November 13, 1978.

15
See Brian Toohey, the
Sun-Herald
, Febuary 2, 1992.

16
The Last Dream
, Central Television, 1988.

17
A Secret Country
, p. 169.

18
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, January 9, 1992.

19
Allies
, documentary film directed by Marian Wilkinson, produced by Sylvie Chezio, Cinema Enterprises Property Ltd, Australia, 1981.