Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (176 page)

For the northern homefront, Emerson D. Fite's
Social and Economic Conditions in the North
(New York, 1910) is still valuable. It should be supplemented by George W. Smith and Charles Judah, eds.,
Life in the North During the Civil War
(Albuquerque, 1966), which reprints numerous contemporary documents. Paul W. Gates,
Agriculture and the Civil War
(New York, 1965), deals with both North and South; while the essays in Ralph Andreano, ed.,
The Economic Impact of the Civil War
(2nd ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1967) and in David Gilchrist and W. David Lewis, eds.,
Economic Change in the Civil War Era
(Greenville, Del. 1965), focus mainly on the North; and Bray Hammond,
Sovereignty and an Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War
(Princeton, 1970), covers only the North.

Two enlightening books on northern religion during the war are: James H. Moorhead,
American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War
(New Haven, 1978); and Benjamin Blied,
Catholics and the Civil War
(Milwaukee, 1945). For the role of northern women both on the homefront and in military hospitals, see Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Bonnett Brigades
(New York, 1966); and Agatha Young,
Women and the Crisis: Women of the North in the Civil War
(New York, 1959). For northern labor, see David Montgomery,
Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872
(New York, 1967). The class and ethnic tensions that flared into the New York draft riots are analyzed in: Basil L. Lee,
Discontent in New York City, 1861–1865
(Washington, 1943); and Adrian Cook,
The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
(Lexington, Ky., 1974).

Southern politics during the war have received a great deal of attention. For general histories of the Confederacy, see the volumes by E. Merton Coulter and Emory Thomas cited earlier. Wilfred B. Yearns,
The Confederate Congress
(Athens, Ga., 1960), provides a narrative history of that institution; while Thomas B. Alexander and Richard E. Beringer's
The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress
(Nashville, 1972) offers a quantitative analysis. For the Confederate cabinet, see Rembert Patrick,
Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet
(Baton Rouge, 1944). Bell Irvin Wiley's
The Road to Appomattox
(Memphis, 1956) contains a caustic analysis of Jefferson Davis's leadership. Larry E. Nelson,
Bullets, Bayonets, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864
(University, Ala., 1980), documents Davis's attempt to undermine the Lincoln administration. Frank L. Owsley,
State Rights in the Confederacy
(Chicago, 1925), expresses the theme that the Confederacy died of state's rights; but May S. Ringold,
The Role of State Legislatures in the Confederacy
(Athens, Ga., 1966) and W. Buck Yearns, ed.,
The Confederate Governors
(Athens, 1984), emphasize the positive role that most legislatures and governors played in the war effort. For the two states in which opposition to the Davis administration was strongest, see John G. Barrett,
The Civil War in North Carolina
(Chapel Hill, 1963); and T. Conn Bryan,
Confederate Georgia
(Athens, 1953). Robert L. Kerby,
Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi, 1863–1865
(New York, 1972), studies a region that became semi-autonomous after the fall of Vicksburg.

Georgia Lee Tatum,
Disloyalty in the Confederacy
(New York, 1972), documents anti-war activity and unionism among disaffected whites, especially in the upcountry. Paul D. Escort,
After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Southern Nationalism
(Baton Rouge, 1978), maintains that the greatest failure of Confederate leadership was its inability to sustain the support of non-slaveholders who increasingly saw the southern cause as a rich man's war and a poor man's fight. The theme of yeoman alienation and class tensions is also developed in: Philip S. Paludan, Victims: A
True History of the Civil War
(Knoxville, 1981); in several good articles published in recent years in the
North Carolina Historical Review
and the
Journal of Southern History;
and in many of the books on southern politics cited on pp. 868. A special category of unhappy southerners is treated in Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Refugee Life in the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge, 1964). Another group of "outsiders" is the subject of Ella Lonn,
Foreigners in the Confederacy
(Chapel Hill, 1940). The contribution of women to the southern war effort is documented by Francis B. Simkins and James W. Patton,
The Women of the Confederacy
(Richmond, 1936).

The basic study of the Confederate homefront is Charles W. Ramsdell,
Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy
(Baton Rouge, 1944). John C. Schwab,
The Confederate States
. . . A
Financial and Industrial History of the South during the Civil War
(New York, 1901), is the encyclopedic treatment of this subject, while Richard C. Todd,
Confederate Finance
(Athens, Ga., 1954), is more readable. Emory M. Thomas,
The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience
(Englewood Cliffs, 1971), treats the hot-house industrialization forced on the South by the war, while Louise B. Hill,
State Socialism in the Confederate States of America
(Charlottesville, 1936), documents the role of state and Confederate governments in this process. Ella Lonn,
Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy
(New York, 1933), and Mary Elizabeth Massey,
Ersatz in the Confederacy
(Columbia, S.C., 1952), document the efforts to cope with wartime shortages.

The drive to make emancipation a northern war aim is chronicled by James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, 1964), which also focuses on abolitionist hopes for racial equality as a result of the war. The role of northern blacks in this effort is the subject of: Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Civil War
(Boston, 1953); and James M. McPherson,
The Negro's Civil War
(New York, 1965), a collection of primary sources woven together by a narrative. The hostile responses of many northerners to emancipation are chronicled by: V. Jacque Voegeli,
Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro in the Civil War
(Chicago, 1967); and Forrest G. Wood,
Black Scare: The Racist Response to Emancipation and Reconstruction
(Berkeley, 1968). The attempts by Republicans to hammer out a reconstruction policy during the war are analyzed in three books by Herman Belz:
Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War
(Ithaca, 1969); A
New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866
(Westport, Conn., 1976); and
Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era
(New York, 1978). Louisiana became a showcase of wartime reconstruction efforts and also a historiographical focus on that subject; see especially Peyton McCrary,
Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment
(Princeton, 1978); and La Wanda Cox,
Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership
(Columbia, S.C., 1981).

The pioneering study of the hard but exhilarating experiences of slaves and freedmen during the war is Bell Irvin Wiley,
Southern Negroes 1861-
1865 (New Haven, 1938); the richest recent study is Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York, 1979). Ira Berlin and his team of editors have masterfully blended narrative and interpretation with illustrative documents in
The Destruction of Slavery
, Ser. I, Vol. I of
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985), which portrays vividly the process by which many slaves emancipated themselves by coming into Union lines and thereby forcing this issue on the army and government. The role of blacks and the process of emancipation have been the subject of monographs for several southern states: James H. Brewer,
The Confederate Negro: Virginia's Craftsmen and Military Laborers 1861–1865
(Durham, 1969); C. Peter Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana
(Baton Rouge, 1978); William F. Messner,
Freedmen and the Ideology of Free Labor: Louisiana, 1862–1865
(Lafayette, La., 1978); John Cimprich,
Slavery's End in Tennessee, 1861–1865
(University, Ala., 1985); Clarence L. Mohr,
On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia
(Athens, 1986); Victor B. Howard,
Black Liberation in Kentucky: Emancipation and Freedom, 1862–1884
(Lexington, 1983); Charles L. Wagandt,
The Mighty Revolution: Negro Emancipation in Maryland, 1862–1864
(Baltimore, 1964), and Barbara Jeanne Fields,
Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century
(New Haven, 1985). A superb local study with broad national implications is Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(Indianapolis, 1964). Many of the foregoing books include accounts of the Union army's and government's flawed administration of freedmen's affairs, which is the explicit focus of Louis S. Gerteis, From
Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy Toward Southern Blacks 1861–1865
(Westport, Conn., 1973). The slaveholders' response to their loss of mastery is the theme of James L. Roark, Masters
without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(New York, 1977); while Lawrence N. Powell writes wryly of New Masters:
Northern Planters during the Civil War and Reconstruction
(New Haven, 1980).

Index

Abolition of slavery,
see
Emancipation of slaves

   Thirteenth Amendment

Abolitionists,
54

   and Second Great Awakening,
8
,
31

   women and,
35
–36

   on breakup of slave families,
37
–39

   resist fugitive slave law,
81
–86

   and issue of nonviolence,
202
–4

   and 1860 election,
221
,
227
–28

   on slavery and the war,
312
,
354
–55,
358

   growing influence of,
494
–95

   oppose colonization,
509
.
See also
Antislavery movement

Adams, Charles Francis: and Free Soil party,
62

   on Compromise of 1850,
76

   and Know Nothings,
139

   and 1860 election,
226
,
233

   in secession crisis,
256

   minister to Britain,
388
–89

   on British attitudes toward war,
549

   rebukes Palmerston,
552

   on consequences of Antietam,
557

   on consequences of Emancipation Proclamation,
567

   Laird rams,
682

Adams, Charles Francis, Jr.,
567
,
585
,
795

Adams, Henry: on settlement of
Trent
crisis,
391

   on cotton famine,
548

   fears British intervention,
555

   on Emancipation Proclamation,
567

   on Roebuck motion,
651

   on Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
664

   on Laird rams,
682

Adams, John Quincy,
62

African Labor Supply Association,
103

Alabama, C.S.S
.,
5
,
315
,
316
,
547
–48,
551
,
682

American Missionary Association,
709

American party,
140

   splits on slavery issue,
141

   and Republicans,
143
–44

   in 1856,
153
–54,
156
–57,
162
n

   disappearance of,
188

"American system of manufactures,"
15
–19

"Anaconda Plan,"
333
–34,
335
,
819