An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (45 page)

Coloradas, Mangas, 132

Colorado Volunteers, 137, 138

Columbus, Christopher, 3–4, 23, 42–43, 197–98

common lands (commons), 34–35, 230–31

communism, 175–76

concentration camps, 138–39

Confederate Army, 133–36

Confederate States of America (CSA), 133–34, 135

Conley, Robert, 30

conquest, 32–44; early European history of, 32–34; and gold fever, 42–44; and land as private property, 34–36; sea voyages for, 34; and terminal narratives, 39–42; white supremacy and class in, 36–39

consensus, 25, 27

constitutions, 215–17

Cook, Sherburne, 41

Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth, 229

Cooper, James Fenimore: French and Indian War and, 71; and manifest destiny, 130; and militarism, 227; and “myth of the essential white American,” 94; and settler patriotism, 103–4, 105, 107

corn cultivation: by Aztecs, 20; in Great Lakes region, 24–25; Indigenous American agriculture based on, 16–17; by Iroquois villages, 17; irrigation systems for, 16; by Mayans, 18–19; in Mesoamerica, 17–21; and peoples of the corn, 30–31; as sacred gift, 16; in US Southwest, 21–24

Cornplanter, 82

corporations, 167–69

Cortés, Hernando, 21, 43

Council of Energy Resource Tribes (CERT), 209–10

counterinsurgency: in Africa and Asia, 176–77; in French and Indian War, 68; “Indian Wars” as template for, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229; in occupied Northern Mexico, 127; in Ohio Country, 83; in Philippines, 164, 165; in Seminole Wars, 101–2; vs. standard European warfare, 145; in Vietnam War, 176–77, 179, 192; and war of independence, 80, 93; in West, 149–53

covenant state, 45–55; and Calvinist origin story, 47–51; Israel as, 47, 248n7; and myth of pristine wilderness, 45–47; and sacred land becoming real estate, 55; settler colonialism and Ulster-Scots in, 51–54

Cowkeeper (Wakapuchasee), 101

Crazy Horse, 151–52

credit, 143–44

Creek Nation.
See
Muskogee (Creek) Nation

Crockett, David (Davy), 94, 127

Crusades, 32–33, 36–37

CSA (Confederate States of America), 133–34, 135

Cuba, 164, 177

Culhuacán (Culhua Nation), 19

Curtis Act (1898), 158, 159

Custer, George Armstrong: in Civil War, 139; death of, 151–52, 155; Wesley E. Merritt and, 165; Seventh Cavalry of, 151, 155, 188, 221; and total war in West, 145–46

Dakota Sioux uprising, 136

Dakota Territory, 188

Davis, Erik, 232, 233

Davis, Stanford L., 147

Dawes Act (1887), 11, 157–61, 189

Declaration of Independence, 50, 76

decolonization: in civil rights era, 175;
and future of United States, 229; and immigrants, 13; of “Indian Country,” 57; siege of Wounded Knee and, 186, 191; of South and Central America, 17; in twentieth century, 202; worldwide, 7

Deganawidah-Quetzalcoatl (D-Q) University, 184

Delaware Nation, 72–74

Deloria, Ella, 153

Deloria, Philip, 156, 157

Deloria, Vine, Jr., 152, 184, 211

democracy: and genocide, 108; imperialist, 108; Indigenous concept of, 5; Jacksonian, 107–10, 117, 253n26; multicultural and multiracial, 218, 229; and origin narrative, 12; populist, 107; settler, 103

Dempsey, Martin, 222

Denevan, William M., 40–41, 46

depopulation, 39–42

deportation: in French and Indian War, 67; of indigenous peoples, 225–26; in “Operation Wetback,” 176; from Southeast, 113–14

descendants, innocence of, 229

desert land claim, 141

Dewey, George, 164

Dimock, Wai-chee, 105–6

Diné Nation.
See
Navajo (Diné) Nation

disease, 39–42

Dobyns, Henry, 41

Doctrine of Discovery, 197–217; and Daniel Boone, 106; and colonialism, 199–201; Columbus and, 3–4, 42; contradictions in, 201–2; and economic self-determination, 208–10; and Indigenous governance, 215–17; and land claims, 205–8; and narrative of dysfunction, 211–14; and self-determination, 202–5

Downing, Lewis, 168–69

D-Q (Deganawidah-Quetzalcoatl) University, 184

Dragging Canoe, 89

Drayton, William Henry, 75

Dull Knife, 149

Dunmore's War (1774), 71–72

Dustin, Hannah, 64–65

dysfunction, narrative of, 211–14

Echo-Hawk, Walter R., 11–12

economic self-determination, 208–10

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 174, 176

Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 136, 146

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 130, 131

The End of the Trail
(sculpture), 9, 161

energy resources, 10, 209–10

England.
See
Britain

Enloe, Cynthia, 226–27

epidemic diseases, 39–42

ethnic cleansing: by buffalo soldiers, 148; and democracy, 106; in Georgia, 66; militarization and, 227; Muskogee War as, 100; in nineteenth century, 93; as term for genocide, 9; in Texas, 127; of West, 136, 149

exceptionalism, 47, 50, 104–5, 248n7

Fairchild assembly plant, 209

Fallen Timbers, 83, 86

farmer-settlers, 70–71

farming.
See
agriculture

federal Indian trusts, 161, 206

“Fetterman Massacre” (1866), 145

Filson, John, 106–7

fire, precolonial use of, 27–28

firearms ownership, 227–28

“First Americans,” 13

“First Barbary War” (1801–5), 119

First Indian Brigade, 135

“firsting and lasting,” 9

First Seminole War (1817–19), 102

fishing rights, 181–82

Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 187

“Five Civilized Tribes,” 98, 101, 134–35

Fixico, Donald, 158–59

Florida: Geronimo in, 150; Muskogee Nation and, 90, 108; Seminole Nation in, 101–2, 194; Spanish, 43, 66, 90

food supplies: of Miamis, 80–81; of Plains peoples, 220; of Seminoles, 102; of Senecas, 77; in total war, 58, 144–45

forced marches, 112–14, 138–39

forests, 28, 45–47

Forsyth, James, 155

Franciscan missionaries, 125, 126, 127–28

Fraser, James Earle, 9, 161

freedom and empire, 105–6, 124

“freesoilers,” 134–36, 140–46

Frémont, John C., 123

French and Indian War (1754–63), 53, 67–71

“frontier thesis,” 179

funds, investment of Indigenous, 168

fur trade, 186–88

game management, 15–16, 28

Garifuna people, 23

Gatling gun, 139–40

General Allotment Act (1887), 11, 157–61, 189

genocide: of Cherokee Nation, 87–90; during Civil War, 136–40; in colonial period, 57–60; vs. disease, 39–42; Andrew Jackson and, 94, 97–102, 109–14; migratory, 149; of Muskogees, 90–92; in Ohio Country, 81–83; policies of, 9–10; and race to innocence, 228–31; and settler colonialism, 2, 6, 8–10; and Tecumseh, 84–87; after war for independence, 79–80

Georgia (state), 88, 90–92, 110

Georgia colony, 65–66

germ warfare, 68

Geronimo (Goyathlay), 150–51, 165, 221; as code name for Osama bin Laden, 56

Ghost Dance, 153–154, 156

Gilbert, Humphrey, 38, 39

gold fever, 42–44, 129, 130, 145, 152

Goldstein, Alyosha, 262n23

Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, 235

GOON squad (Guardians of the Oglala Nation), 186, 250n22

Gorman, Howard, 172

governance, Indigenous, 25–27, 215–17

Goyathlay (Geronimo), 150–51, 165, 221

Gran Colombia, 119

Grant, Ulysses S., 144, 145, 146, 151

grasses, destruction of natural, 144

Great Depression, 171–72

Great Law of Peace, 26, 246n14

Great Plains: buffalo slaughter on, 143; destruction of natural grasses of, 144; Indian Wars in, 9; military outposts on, 221; in precolonial America, 28, 29; Sioux Nation on, 166, 187

Great Railroad Strike (1877), 166

Great Upheaval, 67

“Great White Fleet,” 163

Green Corn Dance, 31

Green Corn Rebellion, 166–67

Grenier, John: on cultural aspects of militarization, 227; on Haudenosaunee, 77; on irregular and unlimited warfare, 56, 57–61, 196, 219; on Andrew Jackson, 100; on ranging, 63–64, 65, 220; on settler-farmers,
71; on war of independence, 76

Guale (Spanish Florida), 66, 90

Guantánamo Bay detention center, 201, 222, 224

Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOON squad), 186, 250n22

gun ownership, 227–28

Guthrie, Woody, 2–3, 55

habitat management, 28, 45–47

Harjo, Chitto (Crazy Snake), 158–59

Harrison, William Henry, 85–86, 87

Haudenosaunee, 24, 26, 76–77

Hawai‘i, US military control of, 163

Hawkins, Benjamin, 98

health care, national, 263n22

Hickory Ground, 158

Hidalgo, Miguel, 120

Hohokam people, 22

Holder, Stan, 148

“home rule,” 190

Homestead Act (1862), 140, 141

homo sacer
, 224

Hopi Nation, 159–60

Horseshoe Bend, 99–100

Hotchkiss guns, 155

Houston, Sam, 127

Huguenots, 49

Huhugam people, 22

human remains, repatriation of, 206, 231–33

IITC (International Indian Treaty Council), 203–4, 260n21

Illinois Territory, 85, 87

immigrants, 13, 50–51, 148, 229

imperialism: exceptionalism and, 104–5; “Indian Wars” as template for, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229; of Andrew Jackson, 107–10, 114–15, 253n26; populist, 106, 108; US overseas, 118–21, 162–67

“In Country,” 57, 193

Indian Appropriation Act (1871), 142

Indiana Territory, 87

Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 169, 171

Indian Claims Commission, 173

Indian Claims Court, 173

“Indian Country,” 133–61; and annihilation unto total surrender, 149–53; army of the West in, 136–40; colonial policy in, 140–46; colonial soldiers in, 146–49; and Ghost Dance, 153–57; and greed, 157–61; legal use of term, 57, 248–49n2; and Lincoln's “free soil” for settlers, 134–36; military use of term, 56–57, 106, 132, 148, 193, 220

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), 210

Indian Relocation Act (1956), 174

Indian Removal Act (1830), 110

Indian removal policy, 109–14

Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 159, 171–73, 185, 190, 215

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975), 209

Indians of All Tribes, 183–84

Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 3; allotment in, 158–61; “Five Civilized Tribes” in, 134–35; Indian Removal Act and, 110–14; Indigenous alliances in, 85–87; in Louisiana Purchase, 95; Unassigned Lands in, 158

“Indian Wars,” 71–74; as template for imperialism, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229

Indigenous communities and nations, federally recognized, 10–11

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas conference, 197–98

“Indigenous Quotient,” 235

industrialization, 166, 167–68

infectious diseases, 39–42

innocence, race to, 229–31

Inter-American Indian Institute, 176

International Indian Treaty Council (IITC), 203–4, 260n21

Iraq, US military invasions of, 193–95, 222, 229

Ireland: England's colonization of, 38–39, 51–52

Iroquois Nations, 17, 24, 76–77

irregular warfare: in California, 129; by Cheyennes, 146; during Civil War, 94, 135–36; in colonial period, 57–60, 69; by Crazy Horse, 152; in King Philip's War, 64; by Modocs, 223; in Ohio Country, 81–83; Second Amendment and, 80; in Seminole Wars, 102; after war of independence, 94; in West, 150, 152

irrigation systems, 16, 21–22

Ishi, 161, 232

Israel, as covenant state, 47, 50, 248n7

Iturbide, Agustín de, 123

Jackson, Andrew: background of, 53, 96–97, 108–9; and genocide, 94, 97–102, 109–14; imperialism of, 107–10, 253n26; as “Indian hater,” 59; and Indian removal policy, 109–14; and Muskogee War, 93, 97–101; and persistence of denial, 114–16; and Santa Fe Trail, 122; and Seminole Wars, 97, 101–2; and settler patriotism, 103, 106, 107; and Texas, 127; and Trail of Tears, 112–14; and treaties with Indigenous nations, 111; and Walt Whitman, 117–18

Jacobson, Dan, 48

Jamestown settlement, 60–61, 195

Jefferson, Thomas: and Barbary Wars, 119; on continental expansion, 3; and Doctrine of Discovery, 199; and settlers, 55, 75; and US occupation of Mexico, 120–21

Jennings, Francis, 46–47, 104

Jim Crow laws, 140, 170

Johnson, Andrew, 142

Johnson, Lyndon B., 182, 208–9

Johnson v. McIntosh
(1823), 199–200

Joseph (Chief).
See
Nimi'ipuu

Kaplan, Robert D., 219–22

Keen, Benjamin, 40

Keetoowah secret society, 158

Kennedy, John F., 178–79

Kennewick Man, 232–33

Kickapoo (Coahuila Kikapú) Nation, 126

Killsback, Leo, 204–5

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 50, 78, 182–83

King, Matthew, 190–91

King George's War (1744–48), 67

King Hagler, 69–70

King Philip's War (1675), 64

Kintpuash (Captain Jack), 223–24

Kiowa Nation, 143

Knickmeyer, Ellen, 194–95

Knox, Henry, 81, 88, 91, 92

Kroeber, Arthur, 232

Kuznick, Peter, 228

LaDuke, Winona, 226

Lakotas: seizure of Black Hills from, 180, 188, 207; Wounded Knee massacre of, 154–56; Wounded Knee siege by, 185–86

land: and Civil War, 133–34; and genocide, 2, 6, 8–10; and Indian reservations, 10–12; and manifest destiny, 2–3, 5–6; and national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13; as private
property, 34–36; as real estate, 55, 141; sacred, 55, 152, 179–80, 206–7, 211, 236; sale to settlers of, 84–86; and settler colonialism, 2–10; stewards of the, 27–30; surveying and distribution of, 124; in US history, 1–14; in US West or Borderlands history, 7–8