A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror (179 page)

125. Ibid., 231.

126. Fellman, “Lincoln and Sherman,” 142.

127. Ibid., 147.

128. Simon, “Grant, Lincoln, and Unconditional Surrender,” 168.

129. Ervin L. Jordan,
Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in the Civil War Virginia
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 51.

130. Ibid., 62.

131. Confederate States of America Congress, Minority Report [on the recruitment of black troops] (Richmond: Confederate States of America, 1865). See also Charles Wesley, “The Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the Confederate Army,”
Journal of Negro History
, July 1919, 239–53.

132. Jackson
News
, March 10, 1865, reprinted in John Bettersworth,
Mississippi in the Confederacy
, 2 vols. (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1961), 1:246.

133. Jordan,
Black Confederates
, 72.

134. Thomas J. Wertenbaker,
Norfolk: Historic Southern Port
, 2nd ed. (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1962), 220–21.

135. Berkin,
Making America
, 459.

136. http://www.ibiscom.com/appomatx.htm.

137. Jay Winik,
April 1865: The Month That Saved the Union
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001); Daniel Sutherland, “Guerrilla Warfare, Democracy, and the Fate of the Confederacy,”
Journal of Southern History
, 68, May 2002, 259–92, quotation on 292.

138. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 291.

139. Second Inaugural Speech of Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1865, in Williams, ed.,
Selected Writings and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln
, 259–60.

140. Johnson,
History of the American People
, 495.

141. Washington
Evening Star
, April 15, 1865, and
National Intelligencer
, April 15, 1865.

142. http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton/Lincoln.html.

143. Louis Untermeyer, ed.,
A Treasury of Great Poems English and American
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 904–5.

144. Gary Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan, eds.,
The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000).

145. James M. McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 476.

146. Schweikart,
Banking in the American South
, 267–313.

147. Alan T. Nolan, “The Anatomy of the Myth,” in Gallagher and Nolan, eds.,
Myth of the Lost Cause
, 11–34, quotation on 20.

148. Frank Moore,
Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events with Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, Etc.,
11 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861–1888), 1:844–46.

149. Allen Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln
, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1950), 2:468.

150. Davis,
Jefferson Davis
, 514.

151. See, in addition to Hummel (who is the most articulate), Allen Buchanan,
Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Harry Beran, “A Liberal Theory of Secession,”
Political Studies,
32, December 1984, 21–31; Anthony H. Birch, “Another Liberal Theory of Secession,”
Political Studies,
32, December 1984, 596–602; Robert W. McGee, “Secession Reconsidered,”
Journal of Libertarian Studies
, 11, Fall 1984, 11–33; Murray Rothbard, “War, Peace and the State, in Murray Rothbard, ed.,
Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature: and Other Essays
(Washington: Libertarian Review Press, 1974); Bruce D. Porter, “Parkinson’s Law Revisited: War and the Growth of Government,”
The Public Interest,
60, Summer 1980, 50–68, and his
War and the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics
(New York: Free Press, 1994); Robert Higgs,
Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

152. Zinn,
People’s History
, 193.

 

Chapter 10. Ideals and Realities of Reconstruction, 1865–76

1. S. R. Mallory, Diary, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, cited in Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
(New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1971), 295.

2. Otto Eisenschiml, ed.,
Vermont General: The Unusual War Experiences of Edward Hasting Ripley, 1862–1865
(New York: Devin-Adair, 1960), 296–306.

3. New York
Tribune
, April 10, 1865.

4. Noah Brooks,
Washington in Lincoln’s Time
(New York: Century Company, 1895), 219.

5. Marquis de Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” (New York: Charles Scribner’s, January 1893), 13, 36.

6. Rembert Wallace Patrick,
The Reconstruction of the Nation
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 53.

7. David Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 582–83.

8. Julian W. George,
Political Recollections
(Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1884), 260–61.

9. Claudia Goldin and Frank Lewis, “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications,”
Journal of Economic History
, 35, 1975, 294–396.

10. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 294.

11. Nevins,
War for the Union
, 374–75.

12. Robert Gallman, “Commodity Output 1839–99,” in
National Bureau of Economic Research
,
Trends in the American Economy in the 19th Century
, vol. 24, Series on Income and Wealth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960); Charles and Mary Beard,
The Rise of American Civilization
(New York: Macmillan, 1927); Stanley Engerman, “The Economic Impact of the Civil War,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 3, 1966, 176–99; Jeffrey Williamson, “Watersheds and Turning Points: Conjectures on the Long Term Impact of Civil War Financing,”
Journal of Economic History
, 34, 1974, 631–61.

13. Carl Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
, 3 vols. (New York: The McClure Company, 1907–8), 3:167.

14. Ibid.

15. James G. Randall,
The Civil War and Reconstruction
, 693.

16. Ibid., 694.

17. Tindall and Shi,
America
, 1:792.

18. Ibid., 1:793.

19. Ibid., 1:792.

20. Richard Easterlin, “Regional Income Trends, 1840–1950,” in Robert W. Fogel and Stanley I. Engerman, eds.,
The Reinterpretation of American Economic History
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971), Table 1.

21. Atack and Passel,
A New Economic View of American History
, 379.

22. Berkin, et al.,
Making America
, 476.

23. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 296.

24. Joseph Reid, “Sharecropping as an Understandable Market Response: The Postbellum South,”
Journal of Economic
History, 33, 1973, 106–30; Robert Higgs,
Competition and Coercion: Blacks in the American Economy, 1865–1914
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977); and Stephen J. Decanio, “Productivity and Income Distribution in the Postbellum South,”
Journal of Economic History
, 34, 1974, 422–46.

25. Roger Ransom and Richard Sutch,
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977); and their articles, “The Impact of the Civil War and of Emancipation on Southern Agriculture,”
Explorations in Economic History,
12, 1975, 1–28; “The Ex-Slave in the Postbellum South: A Study of the Impact of Racism in a Market Environment,”
Journal of Economic History
, 33, 1973, 131–48; and “Debt Peonage in the Cotton South after the Civil War,”
Journal of Economic History
, 32, 1972, 641–679.

26. Robert A. Margo, “Accumulation of Property by Southern Blacks Before World War I: Comment and Further Evidence,”
American Economic Review
, 74, 1984, 768–76.

27. Robert C. Kenzer,
Black Economic Success in North Carolina, 1865–1995
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989), 18, table 5.

28. Theodore Rosengarten,
All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).

29. “Andrew Jackson Beard,” in
A Salute to Black Scientists and Inventors
, vol. 2 (Chicago: Empak Enterprises and Richard L. Green, n.d. ), 6.

30. Robert C. Kenzer, “The Black Business Community in Post Civil War Virginia,”
Southern Studies
, new series, 4, Fall 1993, 229–52.

31. Kenzer, “Black Business,” passim.

32. Leon Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York: Vintage, 1980), 8.

33. Ibid., 18.

34. Ibid., 298.

35. Louis R. Harlan,
Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1865–1901
(New York: Oxford, 1972), and his
Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915
(New York: Oxford, 1983).

36. Walter I. Fleming,
Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational and Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time
vol. 1 (Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark, 1905), 231–33.

37. Rembert W. Patrick,
The Reconstruction of the Nation
(New York: Oxford, 1967), 42.

38. David E. Bernstein,
Only One Place of Redress: African-Americans, Labor Relations and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2001).

39. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 317.

40. William S. McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather: O. O. Howard and the Freedmen’s Bureau
(New York: Norton, 1968), 22.

41. Ibid., 33, 85.

42. Ibid., 89. See also Timothy L. Smith,
Revivalism and Social Reform in Mid-Century America
(New York: Harper & Row, 1957).

43. McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather
, 105.

44. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long
, 376.

45. Ibid., 386.

46. McFeely,
Yankee Stepfather
, 92.

47. Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
(New York: Vintage, 1963), 102.

48. Ibid., 102.

49. Ibid., 104–5.

50. Randall,
Civil War and Reconstruction
, 723.

51. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 299.

52. Patrick,
Reconstruction of the Nation
, 71.

53. Hummel,
Emancipating Slaves
, 299.

54. U.S. Statutes at Large, 14 (April 9, 1866), 27.

55. James E. Sefton,
Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 132.