The Last Empire (77 page)

14
. “Kebich, Viacheslav Frantsevich,” in
Kto est' kto v Rossii i blizhnem zarubezh'e. Spravochnik
(Moscow, 1991).

15
. Mariia Ėismont, “Mikhail Babich, byvshii ofitser okhrany Viacheslava Kebicha: V Viskuliakh opasalis' predatel'stva,”
Narodnaia volia
, December 12, 2001;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
432; Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'eZapiski diplomata i politika,”
Narodnaia volia,
nos. 154–157, September 30, 2006.

16
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
440; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
129–130.

17
. Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”; Iurii Zainashev, “Belorusskaia pushcha: chto ėto bylo?”
Novye izvestiia,
December 8, 2006; Iurii Shapoval, “Dvi hrudnevi istoriï ne bez morali,”
Den',
December 10, 2004; M. Mikhal'chenko and V. Andrushchenko,
Belovezh'e. L. Kravchuk, 1991–1995
(Kyiv, 1996), 99.

18
. Chemerys,
Prezydent,
268–269;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
445–447; Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e.”

19
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
433; Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
199–200; Ėismont, “Mikhail Babich.”

20
. Oleg Moroz, “Za riumkoi kliuchevye voprosy ne reshalis'” (interview with Yegor Gaidar),
Newsland,
May 2, 2011,
www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/690529
; Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e.”

21
. Holubets',
Bilovezha,
13–14; Kryzhanivs'kyi, “Tostiv bulo”; Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e.”

22
. Kravchuk, “Shushkevich i El'tsin predstavliali sebia”; Chemerys,
Prezydent
, 269; Sergei Shakhrai, “Nam udalos' predotvratit' iugoslavskii stsenarii,”
Novye izvestiia,
December 8, 2006; Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
201.

23
. Gaidar, “Za riumkoi”; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
125; interview with Leonid Kravchuk,
Rozpad Radianskoho Soiuzu,
tape 9,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510/
; Chemerys,
Prezydent,
267, 271; Kravchuk, “Shushkevich i El'tsin predstavliali sebia”; Holubets',
Bilovezha,
13; Kryzhanivs'kyi, “Tostiv bulo.”

24
. Holubets',
Bilovezha,
15; Sergei Pashkov, “Sovetskii Soiuz. Poslednie dni,”
Vesti nedeli,
December 2, 2001; Igor' Kozhevin, “15 let kazhdyi za sebia,” Vesti. ru, December 8, 2006; Stanislav Shushkevich, “Ni po odnomu punktu ne bylo raznoglasii,”
Ezhednevnik,
December 9, 2008;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
435.

25
.
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 1028–1031.

26
. Yegor Gaidar,
Dni porazhenii i pobed
(Moscow, 1996), 148–150; Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

27
. Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
202.

28
. Kozhevin, “15 let”; Iakov Alekseichik, “Kholodnyi dekabr' v Viskuliakh,”
Sem' dnei
, no. 49 (December 8, 2001).

29
. Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
132.

30
. Korzhakov,
Boris Yeltsin,
128; Holubets',
Bilovezha,
16; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
125; interview with Leonid Kravchuk,
Rozpad Radianskoho Soiuzu,
tape 9,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510
.

31
. Gaidar, “Za riumkoi”; Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
207–208; “Iz besedy prezidenta Kazakhstana N. Nazarbaeva s redaktorami moskovskikh gazet 15 aprelia 1995 g.,” Gorbachev Fund,
www.gorby.ru/userfiles/file/iz_besedy_prezidenta_kazahstana_n.pdf
; Christopher Robbins,
Apples Are from Kazakhstan
(New York, 2008), 282–285; Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e.”

32
. Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
202–203.

33
. Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 125–127.

34
. Ibid.; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 659; Shakhrai, “Nam udalos'”; Gaidar, “Za riumkoi”; Gaidar,
Dni porazhenii i pobed,
148–150; “Belovezhskoe ėkho,” NTV, December 11, 2011.

35
. Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e”; Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
206–207; Chemerys,
Prezydent,
270.

36
. Leonid Kravchuk, “V saune ne parilsia, shampanskogo ne pil,”
http://bp21.org.by/ru/art/a051207.html
; Telcon with President Yeltsin of the Republic of Russia, December 8, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons
and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-08—Yeltsin.pdf
.

37
. Shushkevich, “Monolog o pushche”; Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu,
210–211; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
131–132; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
659.

38
. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 450; Holubets',
Bilovezha,
17; Chemerys,
Prezydent,
274; Dmukhovskii, “Belovezhskie tainy”; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 1034.

39
. Chemerys,
Prezydent,
274.

40
. Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e”; Dmukhovskii, “Belovezhskie tainy.”

CHAPTER 16

1
. Conor O'Clery,
Moscow, December 25, 1991: The Last Days of the Soviet Union
(New York, 2011), 192–193.

2
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 1034;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 465; O'Clery,
Moscow,
192–193; Georgii Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody. Reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika
(Moscow, 1993), 303.

3
. Valentyn Chemerys,
Prezydent. Roman-ese
(Kyiv, 1994), 274–275; Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 133.

4
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
465–466; Andrei Grachev,
Gorbachev. Chelovek
,
kotoryi khotel kak luchshe
(Moscow, 2001), 401ff.; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 450; O'Clery,
Moscow,
192.

5
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokranit',
465–469; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1034; Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 128; “Stanislav Shushkevich: obresti suverennost'', no ne raz”ediniat'sia granitsami,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 10, 1991; “Nursultan Nazarbaev: Ia—pragmatik i budu ottalkivat'sia ot sobytii,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 10, 1991.

6
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokranit',
469–470; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
450.

7
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1035.

8
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 556–557.

9
. Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
128; “Generaly ukhodiat. Pochemu? K kadrovym peremenam v Genshtabe,”
Moskovskie novosti,
December 15, 1991; John Dunlop,
The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire
(Princeton, NJ, 1995), 272–275;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
472.

10
. “Ratifitsirovano soglashenie o sodruzhestve nezavisimykh gosudarstv. Ukraina,”
Izvestiia,
December 11, 1991; Chrystyna Lapychak, “Ukraine Ratifies Amended Agreement on the Commonwealth,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 15, 1991, 1–2; author's interview with Kostiantyn Morozov, September 6, 2011.

11
. “Ratifitsirovano soglashenie o sodruzhestve nezavisimykh gosudarstv. Belorussiia,”
Izvestiia,
December 11, 1991; Petr Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e. Zapiski diplomata i politika,”
Narodnaia volia,
nos. 154–157, September 30, 2006; Viacheslav Kebich,
Iskushenie vlast'iu. Iz zhizni prem'er-ministra
(Minsk, 2008), 216–217.

12
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
472–474.

13
. Dunlop,
The Rise of Russia,
275; “Armiia ne verit soiuznym strukturam,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 13, 1991; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 352.

14
. “Vystuplenie Prezidenta RSFSR B. N. El'tsina,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 13, 1991;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
477–481.

15
. Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 227;
V Politbiuro TsK KPSS po zapisiam Anatoliia Cherniaeva, Vadima Medvedeva, Georgiia Shakhnazarova (1985–1991)
(Moscow, 2000), 736–739; “M. Gorbachev o situatsii v strane i o sebe,”
Izvestiia,
December 12, 1991; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
352.

16
. Nikolai Portugalov, Memo to Mikhail Gorbachev, December, 1991, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 5, no. 10866.1.

17
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1036; “Gorbachev brosaet vyzov ‘Slavianskomu Soiuzu,'”
Izvestiia,
December 10, 1991.

18
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 563.

19
. Ibid., 562–564; “Baker Sees Opportunities and Risks as Soviet Republics Grope for Stability,”
New York Times,
December 13, 1991; Thomas Friedman, “Baker Presents Steps to Aid Transition by Soviets,”
New York Times,
December 13, 1991; John Lewis Gaddis,
George F. Kennan: An American Life
(New York, 2011); Nicholas Thompson,
The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan and the History of the Cold War
(New York, 2009).

20
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
535.

21
. Proposed agenda for meeting with the president, December 4, 1991, 1:30 p.m.; December 10, Soviet points for meeting with the president, James A. Baker Papers, box 115, folder 8.

22
. Congressional Research Service, “CRS Report to the Congress: U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union,” March 1, 2007,
www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32866.pdf
; Kurt Tarnoff, “CRS Report to Congress. U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union, 1991–2002: A History of Administration and Congressional Action,” updated, January 15, 2002, 1–7,
www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/914.pdf
;
Olexiy Haran, “Disintegration of the Soviet Union and the U.S. Position on the Independence of Ukraine,” discussion paper 95-09, Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, August 1995,
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2933/disintegration_of_the_soviet_union_and_the_us_position_on_the_independence_of_ukraine.html
.

23
. Friedman, “Baker Presents Steps to Aid Transition,” A24.

24
. Proposed agenda for meeting with the president, December 13, 1991, 11:00 a.m., James A. Baker Papers, box 115, folder 8; James Baker, “The Politics of Diplomacy,” Chapter Files, James A. Baker Papers, box 195, folder 5, ch. 31, 7–8.

25
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
564.

26
. Ibid.; Celestine Bohlen, “Moscow Misery: The Planes Don't Fly and That's Not All,”
New York Times,
December 13, 1991.

27
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
xi–xiv, 451–452; John Kohan and Strobe Talbott, “I Want to Stay the Course,”
Time
, December 23, 1991.

28
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
452–454; Kohan and Talbott, “I Want to Stay the Course.”

29
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
455–456; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
565; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1036–1037; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
252–254.

30
. “Telephone Conversation with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia,” December 13, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-13--Yeltsin.pdf
; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
557.