The Last Empire (73 page)

10
. Programma
Vremia
, August 19, 1991,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY5wf-ywETE
; Roman Solchanyk, “Kravchuk and the Coup,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
September 1, 1991, 2, 10.

11
. Turchenko,
HKChP,
9–54; Serhii Plokhy,
Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past
(Toronto, 2008), 165–181. For video clips of the Cossack march of 1990 and the Chervona Ruta music festival of 1991, see “SichCentr 7: Cossack Hogan at Festivals in Zaporozhye,” YouTube video posted by SichCentr, July 22, 2009,
http://youtu.be/Ex_cFOqEvoQ
.

12
. US Embassy in Moscow to Secretary of State, August 23, 1991, “Reaction in Ukraine to the Coup in Moscow,” 3.

13
. Masha Gessen,
The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin
(New York, 2013), 108–118.

14
. Interview with Volodymyr Hryniov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/239/
; US Embassy in Moscow to Secretary of State, August 23, 1991, “Reaction in Ukraine to the Coup in Moscow,” 3.

15
. “General Strike Planned by Democratic Groups,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
August 25, 1991, 1, 13; Marta Kolomayets, “What the Coup Meant for Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
August 25, 1991, 1, 10; Solchanyk, “Kravchuk and the Coup,” 10.

16
. Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 66; interview with Vlodymyr Filenko in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/438
; interview with Ruslan Khasbulatov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pts. 1–2; interview with Nikolai Bagrov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/372
; “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21--Yeltsin%20[[1]].pdf
; Lapychak, “Kravchuk Criticized,” 2.

17
. Lapychak, “Kravchuk Criticized,” 4; Solchanyk, “Kravchuk and the Coup,” 10.

18
. Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 63–64.

19
. “Soveshchanie s rukovoditeliami respublik,”
Izvestiia,
August 24, 1991;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 308–309.

20
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
309; author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, September 1, 2011; “Gorbachev's Speech to Russians: A Major Regrouping of Political Forces,”
New York Times,
August 21, 1991; Ruslan Kvatsiuk and Oksana Perevoznaia, “Vitol'd Fokin: liudi mogut vyiti na maidan,” Gazeta.ua, February 4, 2009,
http://www.inosmi.ru/ukraine/20090204/247198.html
.

21
. Vahtanh Kipiani and Volodomyr Fedoryn, “Shcherbitskii skazal: kakoi durak pridumal slovo perestroika?”
Ukraïns'ka pravda,
September 10, 2011,
www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/09/10/53558/view_print
; Pylypchuk, “Pid chas HKChP u Kravchuka buly v zapasi shapky z chervonymy zirkamy i tryzubom,” Gazeta.ua, August 19, 2011.

22
. Solchanyk, “Kravchuk and the Coup”; interview with John Stepanchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/315
; Tuhluk, “Den', shcho zminyv khid istoriï.”

23
. Solchanyk, “Kravchuk and the Coup”; Chrystyna Lapychak, “Ukraine, Russia Sign Interim Bilateral Pact,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
September 1, 1991, 9; Tuhluk, “Den', shcho zminyv khid istoriï”; interview with Volodymyr Yavorivsky in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 5,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/382/
.

24
. “The Question for Mr. President from Narodna Rada (the ‘People's Council')”; George Bush to Ed Hewett (Aboard AF I), August 1, 1991; George Bush to Lukianenko (draft letter, no date), Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Series, USSR Chronological Files: August 1991, no. 2.

25
. Interview with Levko Lukianenko in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/541
.

26
. Interview with Volodymyr Hryniov in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/239/>
; interview with Volodymyr Yavorivsky in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 5,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/382/
.

27
. Lapychak, “Ukraine, Russia Sign Interim Bilateral Pact,” 9; Tuhluk, “Den', shcho zminyv khid istoriï.”

28
. Interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 8,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/510
; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
101.

29
. Interview with Bohdan Havrylyshyn in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 3,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/189
; interview with Dmytro Pavlychko, ibid., tape 4,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/497/
.

30
. Akt proholoshennia nezalezhnosti Ukraïny, official website of the Ukrainian Parliament,
http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/site/postanova/akt_nz.htm
.

31
. Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
102–103; interview with John Stepanchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
pt. 3.

32
. Turchenko,
HKChP,
111–112; Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo,
102–104.

CHAPTER 9

1
. Vera Kuznetsova, “Ukraina,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
August 29, 1991.

2
. “Soiuz raspadaetsia pod perebranku deputatov,”
Izvestiia,
August 28, 1991; S. Chugaev and V. Shcheporkin, “Pravitel'stvo uvoleno, parlament prodolzhaet rabotat',”
Izvestiia,
August 29, 1991; Roman Solchanyk, “Ukraine and Russia: Relations Before and After the Failed Coup,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
September 29, 1991, 9.

3
. “Gorbachev's Speech to the Russians,”
New York Times,
August 24, 1991; Roman Szporluk,
Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Stanford, CA, 2000), 183–228.

4
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 310–317.

5
. Ibid., 317–319.

6
. Jack Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(New York, 1994), 451.

7
. Author's interview with Yurii Shcherbak, Rome, June 19, 2012; Bill Keller, “A Collapsing Empire,”
New York Times,
August 27, 1991; Francis X. Clines, “A New Vote Promised. President, in Address to Parliament, Accepts Blame for Coup,”
New York Times,
August 27, 1991; Solchanyk, “Ukraine and Russia,” 9;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
314–315.

8
. Pavel Voshchanov, “Kak ia ob”iavlial voinu Ukraine,”
Novaia gazeta,
October 23, 2003.

9
. “Press sekretar prezidenta ofitsial'no zaiavliaet,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
August 27, 1991; Voshchanov, “Kak ia ob”iavlial voinu Ukraine.”

10
. L. Barrington, “Russian Speakers in Ukraine and Kazakhstan: ‘Nationality,' ‘Population' or Neither?”
Post-Soviet Affairs
17, no. 2 (2001): 129–158; A. M. Khazanov,
After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Policies in the Commonwealth of Independent States
(Madison, WI, 1995); N. J. Melvin, “The Russians: Diaspora and the End of Empire,” in
Nations Abroad: Diaspora Politics and International Relations in the Former Soviet Union
, ed. C. King and N. Melvin (Boulder, CO, 1998): 27–58; Taras Kuzio, “Russians and Russophones in the Former USSR and Serbs in Yugoslavia: A Comparative
Study of Passivity and Mobilization,”
East European Perspectives
5, no. 13 (June 25, 2003).

11
. Solchanyk, “Ukraine and Russia,” 9;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
315–316.

12
. Iu. Afanas'ev, L. Batkin, V. Bibler, E. Bonner, Iu. Burtin, Viach. Ivanov, and L. Timofeev, “Privetstvuem razval ‘imperii,'” dated August 28, 1991, in
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
September 3, 1991. Cf.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
285–288.

13
. Vitalii Portnikov, “Ukraina ne imeet pretenzii k Rosii. Reaktsiia na zaiavlenie press-sekretaria prezidenta RSFSR,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
August 29, 1991; Solchanyk, “Ukraine and Russia,” 9.

14
. Voshchanov, “Kak ia ob”iavlial voinu Ukraine”; Vitalii Chervonenko, “Nezavisimost': kak ėto bylo” (interview with Yurii Shcherbak), Vovremia.info, August 24, 2007,
http://vovremya.info/art/1187882352.html
; author's interview with Yurii Shcherbak, Rome, June 19, 2012.

15
. S. Tsekora, “Rossiia i Ukraina dogovorilis',”
Izvestiia,
August 29, 1991.

16
. Author's interview with Yurii Shcherbak, Rome, June 19, 2012; Nadezhda Kalinina, “Sergei Stankevich: ‘net nikakikh osnovanii schitat' putch operetkoi,”
Russkii kur'er,
August 14, 2006.

17
. Tsekora, “Rossiia i Ukraina dogovorilis'”; Kalinina, “Sergei Stankevich: ‘Net nikakikh osnovanii schitat' putch operetkoi”; Solchanyk, “Ukraine and Russia,” 11.

18
.
Kazakhstanskaia pravda,
August 30, 1991; V. Drozdov, “Kazakhstan i Rossiia: soglasie podtverzhdeno,”
Izvestiia,
August 30, 1991.

19
. Oleg Moroz, “Za riumkoi kliuchevye voprosy ne reshalis'” (interview with Yegor Gaidar),
Newsland,
May 2, 2011,
www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/690529
.

20
. Pavel Fel'gengauer, “Novaia forma voenno-ekonomicheskogo soiza ‘14+1' gde 1 eto Rossiia,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
August 29, 1991; Liana Minasian, “Tsentr umer. Da zdravstvuet tsentr,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
August 29, 1991; Aleksandr Gagua, “My pereotsenivaem nashikh partnerov,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
August 29, 1991; Vasilii Seliunin, “Esli raspad neizbezhen, ego nado khorosho organizovat',”
Izvestiia,
August 29, 1991; O. G. Rumiantsev, “Ne zaboltat' by pobedu,”
Izvestiia,
August 30, 1991.

21
. I. Litvinova, “Boris El'tsin pribyl v Latviiu. V Rige otkryto pervoe posol'stvo,”
Izvestiia,
August 30, 1991; Aleksandr Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin: ot rassveta do zakata
(Moscow, 1997), 123–124.

22
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
315; Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 202; Serge Schmemann, “Plea for Survival,”
New York Times,
August 29, 1991;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed.
S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 863; Chugaev and Shcheporkin, “Pravitel'stvo uvoleno, parlament prodolzhaet rabotat',” 4.

23
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 649–651; Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 108;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
317–319.

24
. Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
205.

25
. O. G. Rumiantsev, ed.,
Iz istorii sozdaniia Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii
.
Konstitutsionnaia komissiia. Stenogrammy, materialy, dokumenty (1990–1993) v 6-ti tomakh
, vol. 2,
1991
(Moscow, 2008), 814–815; Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
109; cf. Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
647–651.

26
.
Raspad SSSR,
916–920; Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
109; “Blitsinterviu. Ter-Petrosian, predsedatel' Verkhovnogo Soveta Armenii,”
Argumenty i fakty,
August 29, 1991.

27
.
Raspad SSSR,
920–921; Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin,
118–119, 125.

28
. Bob Strauss to Secretary of State, “My Meeting with Boris Yeltsin,” August 24, 1991, 1–3, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 6.