The Last Empire (70 page)

20
. Szporluk, “Dilemmas of Russian Nationalism,” 188–198; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
947, 961; Valerii Boldin,
Krushenie p'edestala. Shtrikhi k portretu M. S. Gorbacheva
(Moscow, 1995).

21
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
268–283.

22
. “President. USSR. Designated Gifts,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, Office of the First Lady, Scheduling, Ann Brock Series: Moscow Summit, Monday 7/29/91 to Thursday 8/1/91—Moscow and Kiev, USSR [[3]].

23
. Colton,
Yeltsin
, 171–173; Boris Yeltsin, “Quotation of the Day,”
New York Times,
September 11, 1989.

24
. Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
(New York, 1996), 478–479; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
141–143; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
103–104.

25
. Gates,
From the Shadows,
503; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
142–143; Colton,
Yeltsin
, 172.

26
. “Luncheon with President Mikhail Gorbachev of the USSR,” July 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-07-30—Gorbachev%20[2].pdf
.

27
. “Memorandum of Conversation. Meeting with Boris Yeltsin, President of the Republic of Russia,” July 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-07-30--Yeltsin.pdf
; “The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks of President Bush and President Yeltsin in Press Availability,” July 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Series: POTUS Meetings, March 1991–July 1991: Moscow Summit, July 1991, no. 1.

28
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
412–413; “Points to Be Made for Meeting with President Yeltsin,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: POTUS Trip to Moscow and Kiev, July 27–August 1, 1991, no. 1; G. Alimov, “Ukaz o departizatsii nachnet deistvovat' s 4 avgusta. Bush-Yeltsin-Gorbachev,”
Argumenty i fakty,
no. 30 (August 30, 1991): 7; Jessica Lee, “Pool Report no. 10. President Bush Visits Boris Yeltsin and Stops at Tsereteli Studio,” Moscow, USSR, Tuesday, July 30, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: Moscow Summit—Press Releases, Fact Sheets, Remarks, no. 2.

29
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
509; Alimov, “Ukaz o departizatsii,” 7.

CHAPTER 3

1
. “Nuclear Weapon Effects from Hiroshima to Nagasaki to the Present and Beyond: A Broad-Gauged Analysis with New Information Regarding
Simultaneous Detonations and Firestorms,” Nukefix,
www.nukefix.org/weapon.html
.

2
. Jack Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(New York, 1994), 464–465; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 408–410.

3
. Sergei Solodkin, “Glavredu udalos' razdobyt' v Londone sensatsionnye zapisi besed Mikhaila Sergeevicha s inostrannymi politikami,”
Glavred
, October 5, 2009,
http://www.glavred.info/archive/2009/10/05/163604-3.html
.

4
. “Russians Divided over Baltics' Independence,” April 12, 1991, USIA Research Memorandum, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 306, box 49, M 52–91.

5
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998)
,
512; “Implications of Alternative Soviet Futures,” National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11-18-91 (June 1991),
http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000265647/DOC_0000265647.pdf
; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
565–566.

6
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
414–415; Handwritten Notes on the Killing of Lithuanian Border Guards Passed by Brent Scowcroft to James Baker on July 31, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 5; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
513–514; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 623.

7
. “Richard Nixon/Frank Gannon Interviews,” May 13, 1983, Day 5, Tape 1, 00:01:59,
www.libs.uga.edu/media/collections/nixon/nixonday5.html
; Conrad Black,
Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
(New York, 2008), 814.

8
. Von Hardesty and Bob Schieffer,
Air Force One: The Aircraft That Shaped the Modern Presidency
(New York, 2005), 127–154; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
515; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
415–416.

9
. Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
567; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
416; “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3267&year=1991&month=8
.

10
. Gibbons, “Pre Advance Pool Report, Moscow Summit, July 29–August 1, 1991, July 25, 1991”; Susan Page, “Pool Report, Pool H,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: Moscow Summit—Press Releases, Fact Sheets, Remarks, no. 1; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
567.

11
. Volodymyr Lytvyn,
Politychna arena Ukraïny: diiovi osoby ta vykonavtsi
(Kyiv, 1994);
Ukraïna: politychna istoriia XX–pochatok XXI stolittia
, ed. Volodymyr Lytvyn et al. (Kyiv, 2007), 875–947; Lina Kushnir, “Valentyna Shevchenko: Provesty demonstratsiiu 1 travnia 1986-ho nakazaly
z Moskvy,”
Ukraïns'ka pravda,
April 25, 2011,
http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/4db5d3966b581/view_comments/
.

12
. Page, “Pool Report, Pool H.”

13
. “Leonid Makarovich Kravchuk,” The Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991; author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011,
http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/09/10/53558/view_print
; Vahtang Kipiani and Volodymyr Fedoryn, “Kravchuk: ‘Shcherbyts'kyi skazav: Kakoi durak pridumal slovo perestroika?'”
Ukraïns'ka pravda,
September 13, 2011; Valentyn Chemerys,
Prezydent. Roman-ese
(Kyiv, 1994); David Remnick, “Ukraine Split on Independence as Republic Awaits Bush Visit,”
Washington Post,
August 1, 1991.

14
. “Remarks at the Arrival Ceremony in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3265&year=1991&month=8
; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
568.

15
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
510–511; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
569; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008)
,
957–958; Chrystyna N. Lapychak, “Bush Notes Importance of Republics in Historic Trip to Ukrainian Capital,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
August 4, 1991, 1; Page, “Pool Report, Pool H”; George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
417.

16
. Author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011; Kipiani and Fedoryn, “Kravchuk: ‘Shcherbyts'kyi skazav.'”

17
. Ivan Drach, “My vitaiemo Dzhordzha Busha—iak prezydenta SShA i ne pryimaiemo ioho iak moskovs'koho ahitatora,” in
Polityka: statti, dopovidi, vystupy, interv'iu
(Kyiv, 1997), 324–327. Cf. “Rukh Chairman Ivan Drach's Remarks to President Bush,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
August 11, 1991, 3.

18
. Author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011.

19
. “Points to Be Made for Meeting with the Ukrainian Chairman Leonid Kravchuk,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Files, Subject Files: POTUS Trip to Moscow and Kiev, July 27–August 1, 1991, no. 3.

20
. “Memorandum of Conversation. Meeting with Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Chairman Leonid Kravchuk,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-01--Kravchuk.pdf
; “Proposals of the Ukrainian SSR for Possible Directions of Trade-and-Economic Cooperation Between the Ukrainian SSR and USA,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed Hewett Files: POTUS Meetings, March 1991–July 1991: Moscow Summit, July 1991, no. 1.

21
. For a survey of Ukrainian history, see Paul Robert Magocsi,
A History of Ukraine
, 2nd ed. (Toronto, 2010). On Ukraine's road to independence, see Bohdan Nahaylo and Victor Swoboda,
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR
(New York, 1990); Bohdan Nahaylo,
The Ukrainian Resurgence
(Toronto, 1999).

22
. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers. Cf. Richard Nixon, “Toast at a Dinner in Kiev,” May 29, 1972, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3440#axzz1Q0nAP09C
; author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

23
. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991.

24
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

25
. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3267&year=1991&month=8
.

26
.
Ukrainian Weekly,
August 11, 1991.

27
. “The Moscow Coup,”
Washington Post,
August 20, 1991; William Safire, “After the Fall,”
New York Times,
August 29, 1991; William Safire, “Bush at the UN,”
New York Times,
September 16, 1991; William Safire, “Putin's ‘Chicken Kiev,'”
New York Times,
December 6, 2004; “Bush Sr. Clarifies ‘Chicken Kiev' Speech,”
Washington Times,
May 23, 2004; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
15–16; Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
570–571, 798.

28
. Ann McFeatters, “Pool Report No. 21. Pool from the Supreme Soviet Session to St. Sophia to Babii Yar. Kiev, USSR, August 1, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: Moscow Summit—Press Releases, Fact Sheets, Remarks, no. 1.

29
. Anatolii Kuznetsov,
Babii Iar: A Document in the Form of a Novel
, trans. David Floyd (London, 1970); Victoria Khiterer, “Babi Yar: The Tragedy of Kiev's Jews,”
Brandeis Graduate Journal
2 (2004): 1–16.

30
. Gibbons, “Pre Advance Pool Report, Moscow Summit, July 25, 1991”; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
516–517; George Bush, “Remarks at the Babi Yar Memorial in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3268&year=1991&month=8
; interview with Leonid Kravchuk in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 9.

31
. Oleksandr Burakovs'kyi,
Rada natsionalnostei Narodnoho rukhu Ukraïny (1989–1993)
(Edmonton, 1995); Oleksandr Burakovs'kyi, “Rukh,
ievreï, Ukraïna. Rozdumy inorodtsia,”
Kyïv
, nos. 1–2 (1997): 93–125; interview with Yaakov Bleich in
Rozpad Radians'koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91,
tape 2,
http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/470/
.

32
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
417; “Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev,” The Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991.

33
. Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire,
571; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
517.

CHAPTER 4

1
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 526.

2
. Ibid., 520; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 422–423; “Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Popadiuk on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union,” Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3313&year=1991&month=8
.