The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (94 page)

17.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, pp. 262–263.

18.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 14, p. 114.

19.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 235.

20.
Vasiliev, p. 211.

21.
Collins, p. 120.

22.
Timothy Gregory, p. 171.

23.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 287.

24.
Paul the Deacon, 4.42.

25.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 14, p. 77.

Chapter Forty
Intersection

1.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 14, p. 77.

2.
Keay, p. 203.

3.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 14, p. 77.

4.
Ibid., p. 78.

5.
Vincent Arthur Smith,
The Early History of India
(1904), p. 287.

6.
Wolpert, p. 94; Gavin Flood, “The Saiva Traditions,” in Gavin Flood, ed.,
The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
(2003), pp. 200–203; Harsha,
Nagananda
, trans. Palmer Boyd (1999), pp. 47–49.

7.
Smith, pp. 290, 294.

8.
Schmidt, p. 29.

9.
Sastri,
History of South India
, pp. 115–116.

10.
Kulke, p. 105.

Chapter Forty-One
The Troubles of Empire

1.
Kennedy,
Prophet and the Age
, p. 69.

2.
Ibid., p. 70.

3.
Collins, pp. 122–124.

4.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, pp. 26–27.

5.
Collins, p. 124; Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 288.

6.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 43.

7.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, p. 22.

8.
‘Abd al-Husain Zarrinkub, “The Arab Conquest of Iran and Its Aftermath,” in R. N. Frye, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Iran in Eight Volumes
, vol. 4 (1975), p. 23; al-Tabari, vol. 15, p. 69.

9.
Zarrinkub, pp. 24–25; al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, pp. 78–79.

10.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, p. 63.

11.
Kennedy,
Prophet and the Age
, p. 72; Collins, p. 121; Zarrinkub, p. 21.

12.
al-Tabari,
History
, vol. 15, pp. 131, 138.

13.
Ibid., pp. 141–142.

14.
Ibid., pp. 188–189.

15.
Ibid., p. 222.

16.
Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Sharif al-Radi,
Nahjul Balagha,
trans. Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), “Letter: To the Egyptians.”

17.
Kennedy,
Prophet and the Age
, p. 76.

18.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, pp. 214–215.

19.
al-Radi, “A Reply to Mu’awiya’s Letter.”

20.
Ibid., “A Letter to Mu’awiya.”

21.
Ibid., “To His Soldiers Before the Battle of Siffin.”

22.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, vol. 1, p. 216.

Chapter Forty-Two
Law and Language

1.
Walter Pohl and Helmut Reimitz,
Strategies of Distinction
(1998), p. 58; Paul the Deacon, 4.42.

2.
Pohl and Reimitz, p. 209.

3.
Paul the Deacon, 5.6.

4.
Ibid., 5.7.

5.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 302.

6.
Ibid., p. 303.

7.
Collins (1999), pp. 124–125; Dineschandra Sircar,
Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India
(1971), p. 290.

8.
Ostrogorsky, p. 124.

9.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, pp. 331–333.

10.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), pp. 56–57.

11.
Martin Sicker,
The Islamic World in Ascendancy
(2000), p. 23.

12.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 59.

13.
Collins, p. 227.

14.
Sicker, p. 24; Kennedy,
Prophet and the Age
, p. 98; Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 64.

15.
Collins, p. 228.

Chapter Forty-Three
Creating the Past

1.
David John Lu,
Japan
(1997), p. 27.

2.
Piggott, p. 106; Lu, p. 27.

3.
Piggott, pp. 83, 118–121.

4.
Aston, p. 301.

5.
Meyer, p. 37.

6.
Michael, pp. 43–44, 113.

7.
Meyer, pp. 44–45.

8.
Piggott, pp. 1, 3.

9.
Aston, pp. 110–111.

Chapter Forty-Four
The Days of the Empress

1.
Fitzgerald,
Empress Wu
, p. 88.

2.
R. W. L. Guisso,
Wu Tse-T’ien and the Politics of Legitimization in T’ang China
(1978), p. 51.

3.
Ibid., p. 52; Roberts, pp. 88–89.

4.
Fitzgerald,
Empress Wu
, p. 116.

5.
Ibid., pp. 127–128.

6.
Ibid., pp. 135–136; Guisso, pp. 137–138.

7.
Barfield, pp. 146–147.

8.
Roberts, pp. 105–06.

9.
Grousset, pp. 110–111; Roberts, p. 106.

10.
Roberts, p. 90; Fitzgerald,
Empress Wu
, p. 163.

11.
Guisso, p. 154; Michael, p. 111.

12.
Michael, pp. 111–112; MacGowan, p. 309.

13.
Michael, p. 112; Roberts, pp. 90–91.

Chapter Forty-Five
Paths into Europe

1.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), pp. 70–71.

2.
Gregory, p. 111.

3.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), pp. 72–73.

4.
Collins, pp. 129–130.

5.
Heather, pp. 284–285.

6.
Collins, pp. 110–112.

7.
Ibid., pp. 115–116.

8.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
The History of the Conquest of Spain
, trans. John Harris Jones (1858), p. 22.

9.
Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, pp. 372–373, 382–383.

10.
Sicker, p. 25; Bury,
History of the Later Roman Empire
, vol. 2, p. 401.

11.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
, pp. 88–89.

12.
Ibid., pp. 90–91.

13.
Geary, p. 204.

14.
Fredegar, p. 90.

15.
Paul Fouracre,
The Age of Charles Martel
(2000), p. 88; Fredegar, p. 91.

Chapter Forty-Six
The Kailasa of the South

1.
Elliot and Dowson,
The History of India
, p. 405.

2.
Ibid., pp. 119–120.

3.
Ibid., pp. 170–172.

4.
Sicker, p. 25; Keay, p. 185; Elliot and Dowson, p. 123.

5.
Nau Nihal Singh,
The Royal Gurjars
(2003), p. 209.

6.
Ibid., p. 210.

7.
Ronald Inden,
Imagining India
(1992), p. 252.

8.
Keay, pp. 200–201; Inden, pp. 257–258.

Chapter Forty-Seven
Purifications

1.
Sicker, p. 26.

2.
Barfield, pp. 148–149.

3.
“Epitome of the Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople, 754,” in Schaff and Wace,
Select Library
, vol. 14, p. 543.

4.
Eamon Duffy,
Saints & Sinners
(1997), p. 80.

5.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 161–163.

6.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), pp. 96–97.

7.
Ibid., p. 97; St. John of Damascus, “First Apology,” in
On the Divine Images: Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images
, trans. David Anderson (1980), p. 31.

8.
Theophanes,
Chronicle
(1982), p. 98.