Paul Revere's Ride (90 page)

My excellent Brandeis colleagues in American history helped in various ways. Morton Keller read and criticized the manuscript. Sam Bass Warner called my attention to materials I would otherwise have missed. Jacqueline Jones tested several chapters on two young critics in her household, and gave the project her warm encouragement. James Kloppen-berg had a helpful thought on an interpretative problem. Ina Malaguti and Judy Brown helped with many logistical problems, as did the staff of the Brandeis Library System.

Through the years, three graduate students completed independent research papers on Paul Revere and taught their teacher in the process: Ruth Friedman on Paul Revere’s business career, Carol Ely on the community of the North End, and Ellen Shea on Paul Revere’s other rides. Five Brandeis undergraduates also worked as paid research assistants on this project: Elizabeth Arnold, Keri Fisher, Michael Kalin, David Lawrence, and Jeremy Stern.

At the Oxford University Press, my editor and friend Sheldon Meyer read the manuscript and made many substantive suggestions for its improvement. Leona Capeless gave the book the benefit of her peerless copyediting, and Karen Wolny guided the book through the labyrinth of the Oxford University Press, refining it in many ways.

Andrew Mudryk did the maps with high skill and creativity. Once again it was a great pleasure to work with him, and to share his love of cartography as an art-form. Michael Farny of the Lincoln Guide Service loaned us a rare topographical survey of the Battle Road. Brian Donahue generously supplied materials from his own research on landholdings along the battle road. I am also endebted to Joyce Malcolm for her published studies of the land use in Concord, Lincoln, and Lexington.

Special mention is due to my riding teachers Mary Cressy and Lee Cressy, and to a spirited New England saddle horse named Quentin, who through the years taught the author many hard lessons on equestrian aspects of the midnight ride. Laura Goeselt also helped with questions of horsemanship, and reprogrammed a recalcitrant computer at a critical moment.

As always, my family pitched in. My wife Judith helped in many ways. John Henry Fischer read an early draft and gave me the benefit of his wise counsel. Norma Fischer contributed helpful advice and support. Miles Pennington Fischer criticized the chapters on the battle from the perspective of his own military service. Kate Fischer, Anne Fischer, Frederick Turner, John Anderson Fischer and William Pennington Fischer had words of encouragement in the early stages of the project. Specially helpful in this project was my daughter Susanna Fischer. Her candid and rigorous criticism of the manuscript improved it in many ways, and she found time in her busy career to help track down British materials. The book is dedicated to Susie, with much love.

Wayland, Massachusetts

21 December 1
993

D. H. F.

Abbott, Alice Stearns,
169

Abbott, Joseph,
195
,
401

Abercrombie, Lt. Col. James,
258

Acton, Mass.,
145
,
155
,
165
,
209
,
211
,
230
,
320
,
329

Adair, Lt. Jesse,
127
,
184
,
186
,
189
,
190
,
282
,
324

Adams, Abigail,
342

Adams, Charles Francis Jr.,
337
,
420

Adams, John,
20
,
69
,
72
,
95
,
138
,
302
,
336
,
376

and news of Lexington,
279

Adams, John Quincy,
175
,
336

and Lexington alarm,
289

Adams, Roxana,
424

Adams, Samuel,
11
,
14
,
20
,
25
,
27
,
28
,
38
,
51
,
66
,
69
,
72
,
75
,
78
,
79
,
85
,
90
,
94
,
95
,
97
,
103
,
108
,
110
,
111
,
112
,
132
,
134
,
151
,
174
,
176
,
178
,
179
,
182
,
183
,
198
,
288
,
292
,
302
,
338
,
376

illus.,
177

Afro-Americans,
82
,
106
,
124
,
147
,
168
,
169
,
282
,
286
see also by name:
Benson, Abel

Emerson, Frank

Estabrook, Prince

Mark; Prince, Salem

Tufts, Samuel

Aftermath of Lexington and Concord,
261
–80

Alarm companies,
152

see also
Militia Alarm list,
203

see also
Militia Alarm system, created,
51

precedents,
151

Revere helps organize,
88
,
99

early warnings,
88
,
99
,
386

set in motion by Warren and Revere,
93
–112

speed of,
139

spatial diffusion,
138
–47 (map, 146)

awakens not individuals but institutions,
139

confirmation riders,
180

alarm posts,
140
,
156

alarm bells,
112
,
128
,
136
,
140
,
143
,
145
,
181
,
185
,
186
,
399

drums,
140
,
143

trumpets,
147

fire beacons,
186
,
399

signal guns,
128
,
135
,
140
,
145
,
181
,
184
–86,
399

operation after Lexington,
273

BY CARRIER
: Andover rider,
146

“bareheaded rider.”
147

Baker, Amos,
144

Baker, Nathaniel,
144

Baldwin, Loammi,
141

Bancroft, Edward,
145

Benson, Abel,
147

Billerica courier,
145

Boston messenger, third,
387

Bowman, Solomon,
125
,
141

Brown, Reuben,
203

Brown, Solomon,
132

Bullard, Ephraim,
147

Carlisle leaders,
146

Charlestown “expresses” before Revere,
103

Danvers rider,
140
,
146

Davis, Isaac,
145

Dawes, William,
see
Dawes, William, midnight ride

Dedham riders,
147

Devens, Richard,
90
,
141

Dorchester rider,
146

Faulkner, Francis,
145

Gerry, Elbridge, “express.”
90

Hall, Capt. Isaac,
140

Hartwell, Mary,
144

Hart-well slaves,
144

Herrick, Martin,
140

Hunt, Simon,
145

Lexington riders to Cambridge,
180
,
181

Lincoln messengers,
144

Locke, Benjamin,
126
,
141

Lynn “express.”
140
,
146

Maiden messengers,
141

Munroe, Nathan,
143
,
394

Nelson, Josiah,
92

North Reading courier,
140

Page, Nathaniel,
143

Plympton, Thomas,
147

Prescott, Abel,
145
,
147

Prescott, Samuel,
143
,
145
,
394

Proctor, Jonathan,
141

Rand, Elizabeth,
124

Revere, Paul,
see
Revere, Paul, midnight ride

Roxbury rider,
146

Salem rider,
146

Sanderson, Elijah,
89

Stedman’s rider,
141
,
393

Tewksbury rider,
139

Tidd, Benjamin,
143
,
394

Trull, Capt. John,
139

Tufts, Samuel,
124

Varnum, James,
139

Walker, Capt. Joshua,
141

Walker’s rider,
141
,
393

Watson, Abraham,
90

Weatherbee,
145

Weston rider,
146

BY TOWN AND VILLAGE
:
Acton,
145

Bedford,
143

Billerica,
145

Burlington,
141

Cambridge,
141
,
143

Carlisle,
145

Charlestown,
140
,
141

Chelsea,
141

Concord,
144

Danvers,
140

Dedham,
147

Dover Farms,
147

Dracut,
139

Framingham,
147

Groton,
145

Lexington,
143

Lincoln,
144

Littleton,
145

Lynn,
140

Lynn End,
140

Maiden,
141

Medford,
139
–41

Menotomy,
141

Natick,
147

Needham,
147

Newton,
147

North Reading,
140

North Waltham,
142

Pepperell,
145

Reading,
140

Roxbury,
147

Stoneham,
140

Sudbury,
147

Tewksbury,
139

Waltham,
142

Waltham Farms,
142

Watertown,
147

West Acton,
145

Weston,
144

Wilmington,
139

Winchester,
139

Woburn,
139
,
141

Albany, N.Y.,
67

Albee, Peter A.,
160

Albemarle, Earl of,
34

Alcohol,
169
,
193
,
216
,
341

Alewife Brook,
258

Alexandria, Va.,
325

Alger, Horatio,
235

Allen, Dr.,
302

Allen, pedlar, captured,
132

Allen, Sgt. Thomas,
160

America: British attitudes toward,
264

American identity,
110

Ames, Dr. Nathaniel,
265
,
311
,
415

Andover, Mass.,
156

Andrews, Benjamin,
300

Andrews, Charles M.,
336

Andrews, Hannah,
300

Andrews, John,
384

Andrews, Joseph,
311

Anglican Church,
40
,
375

Anglophilia,
336

Annapolis, Md.,
325

Antietam,
298

Appleton, Nathaniel,
302

Aristocracy,
235
,
411

Arlington, Mass.,
84
,
329
,
331

see also
Menotomy Village

West Cambridge

Armstrong, Emma,
424

Arnold, Benedict,
247

Arnold, Liz,
424

Artillery,
see
British army, regts.: Royal Artillery

Ash, Capt. Gilbert,
302

Aspinwall, William,
159

Atrocities: American at North Bridge,
215
,
216
,
218
,
406
,
407

British at Menotomy,
256
,
257

historians and,
414

Auchmuty, Robert,
65

Austin, Benjamin,
302

Austin, Samuel,
302

Averne, Capt. Thomas,
324

Avery, John,
302

Ayascough, Lt. James,
310

Bacon, Jacob,
321

Bacon, John,
253
,
321

Baker, Jabez,
121

Baker, Lt. Thomas,
160
,
323
,
386

Baldwin, Cyrus,
302

Baldwin, Maj. Loammi,
141
,
158
,
224
,
225
,
288

illus.,
227

Balestier, Joseph,
298

Balfour, Capt. Nesbit,
322
,
402

Ballard, John,
376

Baltimore, Md.,
271
,
325

Bancroft, George,
331

Baptist churches,
60
,
172
,
375

Barber, Edward,
320

Barber, Nathaniel,
302
,
376

Barker, Lt. John,
67
,
88
,
113
,
115
,
123
,
188
,
194
,
232
,
241
,
257
–59,
263
,
265
,
322
,
405

Barkley, Capt. Andrew,
310
,
381

Barnard, Samuel,
302

Barnard, Thomas,
63

Barnhill, Georgia,
423

Barrett, Amos,
156
,
204
,
211
,
216
,
221
,
406