Ostkrieg (107 page)

5
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig,
Stalingrad
, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 16, 27 August, 9 September 1942, 2, pt. 3:597, 646, 703; ibid., 26, 27 October 1942, 2, pt. 4:865, 868.

6
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1117–22; Kehrig,
Stalingrad
, 102–5, 112–13, and “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 76–80; Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 2, 4 November 1942, 2, pt. 4:889, 902.

7
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1118, 1121; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 541–43; Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant
, 322–23.

8
. Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 118–19; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1103–5, 1111, 1123; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 226–27; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 224–25.

9
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and
Stalingrad
, 131–34; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 231, 239–44; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 227–28.

10
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1123–24; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 80–81, and
Stalingrad
, 136; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 245–48; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 228; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 468–70.

11
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1124–25; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 81, and
Stalingrad
, 145–54; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 248–53; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 230–31; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 470–72.

12
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1125–27; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 82–83, and
Stalingrad
, 160, 163, 170–72; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 253–56; “Lagebericht OKH,” in Schramm, ed.,
Kriegstagebuch
, 21 November 1942,
2, pt. 4:1001–2; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 473–74; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 231.

13
. Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 83–84, and
Stalingrad
, 173–75; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 256–65; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1128–29; Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 51–53; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 472.

14
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1131–32; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 233–46. For the most complete account of the decision for the airlift, see Fischer, “Über den Entschluss zur luftversorgung Stalingrads,” 7–68.

15
. Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 233–46; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1132–33; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 85–87; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 266–74.

16
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1133–39; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 294–97, 303; Stahlberg,
Bounden Duty
, 215; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 87–89, and
Stalingrad
, 237–38, 253.

17
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1137–40, 1148; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 243, 259–60; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 89–92; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 276–77; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 125. Kehrig claims that the talks between Manstein and Richthofen took place on 26 November, but both Wegner and Hayward (who relies on Richthofen's diary) place the discussion on the twenty-seventh.

18
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1140–41; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 92–93, and
Stalingrad
, 308, 313–15; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 293–96.

19
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1143–45, 1153; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 93–94, 100, and
Stalingrad
, 324–30; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 296–97.

20
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1145–48; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 95–99, and
Stalingrad
, 354–69; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 297–99.

21
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1153–58; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 99–102, and
Stalingrad
, 408–10; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 293, 299–310; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 127.

22
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1153–58; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 99–102, and
Stalingrad
, 408–10; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 293, 299–310; Zeitzler, “Stalingrad,” 155; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 275–76.

23
. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,' ” 131–33.

24
. Ibid., 133–34; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1090–95.

25
. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,' ” 134–38; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1151–53, 1158–59.

It was not unusual, however, for many of those supplies to be worthless: candy, contraceptives, herbs and spices, unusable engineering equipment, and propaganda leaflets. In all, between 24 November 1942 and 2 February 1943, the Luftwaffe delivered an average of 117.6 tons of supplies daily and evacuated some thirty thousand wounded soldiers, at a cost of almost five hundred aircraft (including a third of the Luftwaffe's total complement of Ju-52 transports). For a detailed account of the effort to supply Stalingrad by air, see Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 247–310.

26
. Müller, “ ‘Was wir an Hunger ausstehen müssen,' ” 138–45; Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant
, 325; Letter from Panzer soldier, 19 December 1942, in Dollinger, ed.,
Kain, wo ist dein Bruder?
169; Letter from corporal, 31 January 1942, cited in Sauer,
ed.,
Stalingrad—Feldpost
, 32; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1158–60; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 311–30, 338–47; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 286–92.

27
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1161–62; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 131; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 352–64; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 105–7; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 290–96.

28
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1162–69; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 364–80; Kehrig, “Die 6. Armee im Kessel von Stalingrad,” 107–9; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 499–500. For a good fictional account of the battle and the final agony based on interviews with survivors, see Plievier,
Stalingrad
.

29
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 380–83, 387–96; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 501–2; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1163–65; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 133–34; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 549–51; Hayward,
Stopped at Stalingrad
, 308–10.

30
. Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 281, 398, 413–15, 439–40; Overmans, “Das andere Gesicht des Krieges,” 442, and
Deutsche militärische Verluste
, 277–78; Ziemke and Bauer,
Moscow to Stalingrad
, 501; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 134–36; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 150; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 142; Erickson, “Soviet War Losses,” 264. Total German and Axis (Rumanian, Hungarian, and Italian) casualties resulting from the Stalingrad campaign were probably in the vicinity of 1.25 million, while the comparable Soviet figures are estimated to be over 1.11 million.

31
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1169–72; Beevor,
Stalingrad
, 404–5; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 136.

32
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1171–81; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 81–88.

33
. Frieser, “Schlagen aus der Nachhand,” 101–2; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1181–84; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 139; Erickson,
The Road to Berlin
, 45.

34
. Frieser, “Schlagen aus der Nachhand,” 104–6; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1184–89; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 90–96; Erickson,
The Road to Berlin
, 45–53. For Manstein's assessment of the winter operations, see Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 368–442.

35
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1190–91; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 96–97; Erickson,
The Road to Berlin
, 453–55.

36
. Frieser, “Schlagen aus der Nachhand,” 107; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1192–93, and “Von Stalingrad nach Kursk,” 6, 51–60; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 139–40, 183–87.

37
. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 609–11, and “Zur Frage eines Sonderfriedens im Osten”; Fleischhauer,
Die Chance des Sonderfriedens
, 81–82, 285–86, and passim; Magenheimer,
Hitler's War
, 192–96. See also Koch, “The Specter of a Separate Peace,” 531–49.

38
. Boberach, ed.,
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, 31 August, 3 September, 9 November 1942, 28 January, 1, 8, 11, 15, 22 February, 8 March, 5, 12 April 1943; “Stimmungsumschwung in der deutschen Bevölkerung,” in Wette and Ueberschär, eds.,
Stalingrad
, 61–66; Kershaw,
The “Hitler Myth,”
192; Steinert, “Stalingrad,” 174–76, and
Hitler's War
, 184–86; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1212–13, and “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 211.

39
. Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1213–15, and “Von Stalingrad nach Kursk,” 3–8, 35–36; Roberts,
Victory at Stalingrad
, 189–94.

40
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 561–62; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 423–25;
Moltmann, “Goebbels' Speech on Total War, February 18, 1943,” 319–22; Boelcke,
“Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg?”
445–46; Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 192–95; Fritzsche,
Life and Death in the Third Reich
, 283–84.

41
. Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 188–89; Boberach, ed.,
Meldungen
, 22 February 1943; Kroener, “ ‘Nun, Volk, steh auf . . . !' ” 152–62; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 424; Boelcke,
“Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg?”
414.

42
. Wegner, “Von Stalingrad nach Kursk,” 14–15; Kroener, “ ‘Nun, Volk, steh auf . . .!' ” 152–62.

43
. Kroener, “ ‘Nun, Volk, steh auf . . .!' ” 164–66.

44
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 562–64, 566–72; Wegner, “Von Stalingrad nach Kursk,” 15–16; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 258;
TBJG
, 2 March 1943.

45
. Wegner, “Von Stalingrad nach Kursk,” 19–21; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 593–95.

46
. Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 114–22, 331–32; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 596–98, 600, 688 table A6; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 280–87; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 441–42; Blank, “Kriegsalltag,” 366–70; Boog, “The Strategic Air War,” 22–29;
TBJG
, 7 March 1943.

47
. Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 442–50; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 601–5; Boog, “The Strategic Air War,” 43–51; Middlebrook,
The Battle of Hamburg
, 252–327; Friedrich,
The Fire
, 165–68, 329–30; Boberach, ed.,
Meldungen aus dem Reich
, 19 August 1943; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 202–4, 213–15, 228–33; Kershaw,
The “Hitler Myth,”
202–3; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 283–84.

48
. Overy,
War and Economy in the Third Reich
, 303–11; Stibbe,
Women in the Third Reich
, 91–96; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 358–61.

49
. Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 179–81, and
Hitler's Foreign Workers
, 189, 265–68; Müller, “Die Zwangsrekrutierung von ‘Ostarbeitern,' ” 100–101; Fings, “Slaves for the ‘Home Front,' ” 233–57, 265–71; Mazower,
Hitler's Empire
, 300–303; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 351–57, 361–63, 370–71; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 517–19.

50
. Shepherd, “Hawks, Doves and ‘Tote Zonen,' ” 349–52, “ ‘Wehrmacht' Security Regiments,” 492–98, and “The Continuum of Brutality,” 49–59; Wegner, “The War against the Soviet Union,” 1005–10.

On the partisan war generally, see Mulligan, “Reckoning the Cost of People's War”; Klinkhammer, “Der Partisanenkrieg der Wehrmacht”; Richter, “Die Wehrmacht und der Partisanenkrieg”; Chiari, “Die Büchse der Pandora”; Umbreit, “Das unbewältigte Problem”; Anderson, “Germans, Ukrainians and Jews,” “Incident at Baranivka,” and “Die 62. Infanterie-Division”; Schulte,
German Army;
Shepherd,
War in the Wild East;
Slepyan,
Stalin's Guerrillas;
and Musial,
Sowjetische Partisanen
.