Who Am I and If So How Many? (35 page)

8
‘Chimpanzees are charming’
Richard Wrangham et al.,
Chimpanzee
Cultures
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 392. 

1
But since 1973
Statistics on the destruction of global habitats are found in Edward O. Wilson,
The Diversity of Life
(New York: Norton, 1999).

2
James Lovelock
Lovelock’s philosophy is set forth in James Lovelock,
The Revenge of Gaia
(New York: Basic Books, 2007).

3
Beauty in nature cannot be equated
On ecology and morality, see Klaus Michael Meyer-Abich,
Praktische Naturphilosophie: Erinnerungen an einen ver – gessenen Traum
(Munich: C. H. Beck, 1997); Hans Jonas,
Das Prinzip Verantwortung: Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1984); Konrad Ott,
Ökologie und Ethik: Ein Versuch praktischer Philosophie
(Tübingen: Attempto, 1994); and Julian
Nida-Rümelin
and Dietmar von der Pfordten, eds.,
Ökologische Ethik und
Rechtstheorie
(Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1997).

1
What is the Raelian cult up to
New directions in genetic engineering are outlined inWilliam J. Thieman and Michael A. Palladino,
Introduction to Biotechnology
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Benjamin Cummings, 2008). For a critical perspective on genetic engineering, see Alexander Kissler,
Der geklonte Mensch: Das Spiel mit Technik, Träumen und Geld
(Freiburg: Herder, 2006). Roland Graf weighs theological arguments in
Klonen: Prüfstein für die ethischen Prinzipien zum Schutz der Menschenwürde
(St Ottiien: Eos, 2003). For a discussion of the debate about embryonic stem cells, see Thomas Heinemann and Jens Kersten,
Stammzellforschung: Naturwissenschaftliche,
ethische und rechtliche Aspekte
(Freiburg: Alber, 2007); Gisela Badura-Lotter,
Forschung an embryonalen Stammzellen: Zwischen biomedizinischer Ambition und ethischer Reflexion
(Frankfurt: Campus, 2005); and Karsten Klopfer,
Verfassungsrechtliche Pro bleme der Forschung an humanen pluripotenten embryonalen Stammzellen und ihr Würdigung im Stammzellgesetz
(Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2006).

1
Practical advice about diagnostic issues is found in Michael Ludwig,
Kinderwunschsprechstunde
(Berlin: Springer, 2007). The ethical chaos of reproductive medicine is discussed in Martin Spiewak,
Wie weit gehen wir für ein Kind? Im Labyrinth der Fortpflanzungsmedizin
(Frankfurt: Eichborn,
2005), and in Petra Gehring,
Was ist Biomacht? Vom zweifelhaften Mehrwert des Lebens
(Frankfurt: Campus, 2006). Lee M. Silver explores scientific advances in reproductive medicine in
Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will Transform the American Family
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2007). See also Theresia M. de Jong, Babys aus dem Labor: Segen oder Fluch? (Weinheim: Beltz, 2002).

1
Robert White, a neurosurgeon from Cleveland
For an overview of developments in neurobionics in the late 1990s, see Hans-Werner Bothe and Michael Engel,
Neuro bionik: Zukunftsmedizin mit mikroelektronischen Implantaten
(Neustadt: Umschau, 1998). The
Journal of Neural Engineering
(www.iop.org/EJ/journal/JNE) provides the latest information on developments in this field.

2
The philosopher Thomas Metzinger
Thomas Metzinger’s essays on the dangers posed by recent advances in neuroscience can be found at www.philosophie.unimainz.de/metzinger. See also Metzinger’s
Neural Correlates of Consciousness
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), esp. pp. 6–7. Metzinger’s latest book,
The Ego Tunnel
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), provides a nontechnical overview.

1
Anselm of Canterbury
On Anselm’s life, see Richard W. Southern,
Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

2
Thomas Aquinas was Italian
The classic study of Thomas Aquinas is G. K. Chesterton,
Saint Thomas Aquinas
(New York: Sheed & Ward, 1933).

3
new proofs of God have been emerging
On proofs of the existence of God, see J. L. Mackie,
Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

4
neurologist named Michael Persinger
Michael Persinger,
Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs
(Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1987).

5
His younger colleague … Andrew Newberg
Rhawn Joseph, Andrew Newberg, et al.,
NeuroTheology: Brain, Science, Spirituality, Religious Experience
(San Jose, CA: University Press, 2003); Andrew Newberg et al.,
Why God Won’t Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief
(New York: Ballantine, 2002); Martin Urban,
Warum der Mensch glaubt: Von der Suche nach dem Sinn
(Frankfurt: Eichborn, 2005).

6
‘Anyone who supposes’
Rudolf Bultmann: Interpreting Faith for the Modern Era
(Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1991), p. 80.

1
after Darwin arrived at Cambridge
The information about Darwin’s studies at Cambridge is from Adrian Desmond and James Moore,
Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist
(New York: Norton, 1994).

2
William Paley, born in July 1743
Edmund Paley, ed.,
The Works of William Paley.
vol. 1 (London: Longman and Co., 1838).

3
‘that the watch must have had a maker’
William Paley,
Natural Theology
(Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2009), pp. 6, 13.

4
‘Make a change in any part of the human body’
Ibid., p. cci.

5
‘We can no longer argue that’
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin,
ed. Francis Darwin (New York: Dover, 1958), p. 63.

6
‘Natural selection, the blind, unconscious’
Richard Dawkins,
The Blind Watchmaker
(New York: Norton, 1996), p. 5.

7
‘Natural selection will never produce’
Charles Darwin,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(New York: Modern Library, 1993), p. 256.

8
Darwin’s contemporary Jean Pierre Marie Flourens
Flourens’s critique of Darwin is found in
Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l’origine des espèces
(Paris: Garnier, 1864).

9
Lord Kelvin, led the opposition to Darwin’s theory
Lord Kelvin’s
On the Origin of Life
can be read at www.zapatopi.net.

10
intelligent design theory
The Discovery Institute’s William Dembski lays out the case for ‘intelligent design’ in
Intelligent Design: The Bridge
Between Science and Theology
(Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2007). An introduction to the world of theoretical biology is found in Claus Emmeche,
Das lebende Spiel: Wie die Natur Formen erzeugt
(Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1994).

11
‘We are in the position of a little child’
Denis Brian,
Einstein: A Life
(Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1997), p. 186.

1
He was born in 1927 in Lüneburg
For an account of Luhmann’s life, see Dirk Baecker et al.,
Theorie als Passion
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1987).

2
the famous American social systems theorist
Talcott Parsons’s major works are
Structure of Social Action,
2 vols. (New York: Free Press, 1967) and
The System of Modern Societies
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971).

3
the Chilean neuroscientist Humberto Maturana
Maturana’s philosophy is summarized in Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela,
The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding
(Boston: New Science Library, 1987); see p. 40 for the statement about how living beings ‘produce themselves and specify their own limits.’

4
‘own happiness in the other’s happiness’
Niklas Luhmann,
Love as Passion,
trans. Jeremy Gaines and Doris L. Jones (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 137.

5
‘External supports are dismantled’
Ibid., p. 156.

6
For Gerhard Roth … it is incomprehensible
Roth’s critique of Luhmann is in Gerhard Roth,
Fühlen, Denken, Handeln
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2003), p. 557; a discussion of the neurobiology of love is on pp. 365–73. For additional commentary about love from a systems theory perspective, see Karl Lenz,
Soziologie der Zweier-beziehung,
2nd ed. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003), and Christian Schuldt,
Der Code des Herzens: Liebe und Sex in den Zeiten maximaler Möglichkeiten
(Frankfurt: Eichborn, 2005). Recent anthologies on the philosophy of love include Peter Kemper and Ulrich Sonnenschein, eds.,
Das Abenteuer Liebe: Bestandsaufnahme eines unordentlichen Gefühls
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004), and Kai Buchholz, ed., Liebe:
Ein philosophisches Lesebuch
(Munich: Goldmann, 2007). A modern classic with a psychological perspective is Peter Lauster,
Die Liebe: Psychologie eines Phänomens,
35th ed. (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2004). The current state of intimacy across cultures is explored in Anthony Giddens,
The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies
(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).

7
It is hard to say whether animals experience feelings of love
On love in the animal kingdom, see Jeffrey M. Masson and Susan McCarthy,
When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals
(New York: Delta, 1996), pp. 64–90.

8
studies of prairie voles
The significance of oxytocin for prairie voles is examined in Larry Young, Roger Nilsen, Katrina G. Waymire, Grant R. MacGregor, and Thomas R. Insel, ‘Increased Affiiative Response to Vasopressin in Mice Expressing the V1a Receptor from a Monogamous Vole,’
Nature
400, no. 19 (1999), pp. 766–76.

1
Simone de Beauvoir’s
The Mandarins
The American edition of Simone de Beauvoir’s
The Mandarins,
translated by Leonard M. Friedman, was published by Norton in 1999.

2
‘The influence of therapists on morals’
Luhmann,
Love as Passion,
p. 166.

3
‘In life, a man commits himself’
Jean-Paul Sartre,
Existentialism Is a Humanism,
trans. Carol Macomber (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 37.

4
‘condemned to be free’
Jean-Paul Sartre,
Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology,
trans. Hazel E. Barnes (New York: Washington Square Press, 1966), p. 653.

5
‘Man is nothing other than his own project’
Sartre,
Existentialism Is a Humanism,
p. 37.

6
‘What we usually understand by “will”’
Ibid., p. 23.

7
Sartre’s life
On Sartre’s life, see Bernard-Henri Lévy,
Sartre: The Philosopher of the Twentieth Century,
trans. Andrew Brown (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003).

8
not only a ‘sense of reality’
Robert Musil discusses the ‘sense of reality’ and ‘sense of possibility’ in the fourth chapter of his novel
The Man Without Qualities,
vol. 1, trans. Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser (New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), pp. 11–14.

9
Gerhard Roth tells us
Roth’s reflections about freedom of the will are in Gerhard Roth,
Fühlen, Denken, Handeln
(Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2003), pp. 494–545.

10
‘Our intellect can be regarded’
Gerhard Roth, ‘Gehirn,Willensfreiheit und Verhaltensautonomie,’ in
Gehirn-Geschichte-Gesellschaft
, ed. Andreas Ziegler (Bremen: Lurija Gesellschaft, 2002), p. 28.

11
feelings can be learned
On the ability to learn feelings, see Bruce Lipton,
The Biology of Belief
(Santa Rosa, CA: Mountain of Love/Elite Books, 2005).

1
‘There is nothing which so generally strikes the imagination’
Blackstone’s definition of property is found in William Blackstone,
Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England
(Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2003), book 2, chap. 1, para. 2.

2
an unsuccessful merchant named Daniel Foe
On Foe’s life, see Paula R. Backscheider,
Daniel Defoe: His Life
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).

3
Let us picture ourselves as Foe’s Robinson Crusoe
A good overview of the question of property is found in an essay collection edited by Andreas Eckl and Bernd Ludwig,
Was ist Eigentum? Philosophische Positionen von Platon bis Habermas
(Munich: Beck, 2005).

4
Georg Simmel
Simmel’s views about the psychology of property ownership are in Georg Simmel,
The Philosophy of Money,
trans. Tom Bottomore and David Frisby (New York: Routledge, 2004), esp. chap. 4, ‘Individual Freedom.’