The Rise of Rome: The Making of the World's Greatest Empire (60 page)

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Authors: Anthony Everitt

Tags: #Non-Fiction, #History

BOOK: The Rise of Rome: The Making of the World's Greatest Empire
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206
 
 
Scipio wins Battle of Ilipa, leaves for Italy.
205
 
 
Scipio elected consul, wins African command. Scipio in Sicily.
204
 
 
Scipio lands in northern Africa.
Ennius brought to Rome.
Cult of Great Mother introduced in Rome.
203
 
 
Carthaginian and Numidian camps destroyed.
Battle of the Great Plains.
Peace negotiations.
Hannibal recalled to Carthage.
202
 
 
Last dictator appointed before Sulla.
Battle of Zama. Carthage capitulates.
Fabius Pictor writes first prose history of Rome.
201
 
 
Rome negotiates peace treaty. Carthage becomes a client state.
200–196
 
 
Second Macedonian War.
197
 
 
Philip V of Macedon loses Battle of Cynoscephalae.
Peace agreed with Philip.
196
 
 
Flamininus announces liberation of Greece at Corinth.
Hannibal elected
sufet
at Carthage.
195
 
 
Hannibal exiled from Carthage.
Masinissa begins encroachments on Punic territory.
194
 
 
Rome evacuates Greece.
192–189
 
 
War with Antiochus.
Antiochus in Greece.
191
 
 
Battle of Thermopylae. Antiochus driven from Greece.
189
 
 
Antiochus loses battle of Magnesia to the Scipios.
188
 
 
Settlement of Asia.
187
 
 
Criticism of the Scipios.
186
 
 
Bacchanalian conspiracy.
184
 
 
Scipio withdraws from Rome.
Cato elected censor.
181–179
 
 
First Celtiberian War in Spain.
179
 
 
Philip V of Macedon dies, succeeded by Perseus.
173
 
 
Embassy sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage.
172
 
 
Two plebeian consuls, for the first time.
172–167
 
 
Third Macedonian War.
168
 
 
Perseus defeated at Battle of Pydna.
167
 
 
Macedon divided into four republics.
One thousand Achaeans deported to Italy (including Polybius).
166–159
 
 
Production of Terence’s comedies.
153–151
 
 
Second Celtiberian War.
151
 
 
Carthage declares war on Masinissa.
149–146
 
 
Third Punic War.
149
 
 
Publication of Cato’s
Origines
.
147
 
 
Macedon becomes a province.
146
 
 
Sack of Carthage.
Africa becomes a province.
War between Rome and the Achaean League.
Sack of Corinth.
143–133
 
 
Third Celtiberian War.
133
 
 
Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune. Land-reform law passed and land commission created.
Pergamum bequeathed to Rome by King Attalus III.
Gracchus murdered by rioting senators.
Scipio Aemilianus takes Numantia. Spain settled.
Slave war in Sicily continues.
132
 
 
Special court set up to punish Gracchus’s supporters.
Secret ballot for legislation votes in the People’s Assembly.
Slave war in Sicily ended.
129
 
 
Scipio Aemilianus dies mysteriously.
125
 
 
Proposal to enfranchise the Latins fails.
123
 
 
Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the first time. Proposes many laws this year and in 122.
Tiberius’s land reform confirmed.
Special courts barred from imposing death penalty unless approved by the People.
Judicial reforms: extortion court juries to comprise
equites
only.
Large overseas
coloniae
planned, including Junonia, on the site of Carthage.
Grain supply and distribution improved.
Many construction and road-building projects commissioned.
Proposal to extend citizenship to all Italian allies rejected.
122
 
 
Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the second time.
Gracchus opposed by Tribune Marcus Livius Drusus. Fails to win reelection for 121.
Senate passes the Final Decree (state of emergency) for the first time.
Gracchus and followers defeated by force of senators and
equites
. Gracchus killed or commits suicide.
116
 
 
Problem of Jugurtha begins. Senatorial commission of inquiry partitions Numidian kingdom between Jugurtha and Adherbal.
112
 
 
Jugurtha besieges Adherbal, who surrenders and is put to death. Italian merchants in Numidia massacred. Rome declares war on Jugurtha.
111
 
 
Jugurtha surrenders but keeps his crown. Visits Rome, where he has a Numidian opponent murdered.
110
 
 
War with Jugurtha resumes.
109
 
 
Metellus campaigns against Jugurtha.
107
 
 
Marius, elected consul, replaces Metellus.
106
 
 
Marius advances into western Numidia.
Bocchus, king of Mauretania, surrenders Jugurtha to Sulla.
105
 
 
Cimbri and Teutones defeat two Roman armies at Arausio, near the river Rhône.
104
 
 
Marius, Consul II, reorganizes Roman army equipment and tactics.
Jugurtha starved to death after appearing in Marius’s triumph.
Second Sicilian slave war.
103
 
 
Marius, Consul III, trains army in Gaul.
Saturninus elected tribune, works in partnership with Marius.
Land allotments in Africa assigned to Marius’s veterans.
102
 
 
Marius, Consul IV, defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence).
101
 
 
Marius, Consul V, and Catulus defeat Cimbri near Vercellae (Vercelli).
100
 
 
Saturninus, Tribune II.
Marius, Consul VI, breaks with Saturninus.
Rioting in Rome. Senate passes the Final Decree. Marius restores order. Saturninus and his followers lynched.
Second Sicilian slave war ended.
98
 
 
Marius leaves politics and travels to Asia as a
privatus
.
97–92
 
 
Sulla, as proconsul of Asia, orders Mithridates, king of Pontus, out of Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. Mithridates obeys.
91
 
 
Marcus Livius Drusus, Jr., elected tribune. His plans to enfranchise the Italian allies fail. Drusus assassinated.
War of the Allies (Social War) breaks out.
Mithridates takes Bithynia. Aquillius incites invasion of Pontus.
90
 
 
Roman reverses in the Social War. Legislation grants Roman citizenship to Italian allies.
89
 
 
Roman victories in Social War.
88
 
 
Social War restricted to the Samnites, who yield.
Sulla Consul I.
Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, proposes to transfer command of war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius.
Sulla marches on Rome, captures the city, repealsSulpicius’s legislation.
Marius flees to Africa.
Mithridates overruns Asia Minor, orders massacre of Romans and Italians. Mithridates invited to “liberate” Greece.
87
 
 
Cinna and Marius seize Rome, massacre opponents.
Sulla lands in Greece, besieges Athens.
86
 
 
Fall of Athens. Pontic army evacuates Greece after two defeats.
Marius, Consul VII, dies.
Cinna sends army to Asia (taken over by Sulla in 84).
85
 
 
Sulla negotiates peace treaty with Mithridates at Dardanus, near Troy.
84
 
 
New Italian citizens distributed among all the tribes.
Cinna murdered by mutineers.
83
 
 
Sulla lands in Italy.
Second Mithridatic War (to 82).
82
 
 
Civil war in Italy. Sulla wins battle of the Colline Gate.
Proscriptions start.
81
 
 
Sulla appointed dictator, reforms the constitution and the criminal law.
80
 
 
Sulla Consul II.
79
 
 
Sulla resigns as dictator.
78
 
 
Sulla dies.
75 (or 74)
 
 
King Nicomedes bequeaths Bithynia to Rome.
74
 
 
Mithridates invades Bithynia. Lucullus given command against him.
73–71
 
 
Slave revolt in Italy, led by Spartacus.
68
 
 
After successful campaigning against Mithridates, Lucullus’s troops become restless.
67
 
 
Pompey given command against pirates, whom he clears from the Mediterranean.
66
 
 
Pompey given command against Mithridates.
63
 
 
Mithridates commits suicide.
Cicero elected consul.
62
 
 
Pompey’s eastern settlement; he returns to Italy.
61
 
 
Senate refuses to confirm Pompey’s settlement and land allocations for his soldiers.
60
 
 
Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus agree alliance, known as the First Triumvirate.
59
 
 
Caesar elected consul.
58–50
 
 
Caesar’s conquest of Gaul.

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