Pandora's Keepers (65 page)

51
. Ibid.

52
. Ibid.

53
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 254.

54
. Segrè,
Enrico Fermi
, pp. 167, 169, 172.

55
. Ibid, pp. 170–171.

56
. Author’s interview with Harold Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.

57
. Quoted in Segrè,
Enrico Fermi
, p. 176.

58
. Paul Boyer,
By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age
(Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 102. Stockpile figures are in David Alan Rosenberg, “U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945–1950,”
BAS
, May 1982, pp. 25–30.

Chapter 9: The Superbomb Debate

1
. Teller with Brown,
Legacy of Hiroshima
, p. 33.

2
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, pp. 201–202.

3
. Edward Teller to Enrico Fermi, October 31, 1945, LANLA.

4
. Quoted in Ulam,
Adventures of a Mathematician
, p. 151.

5
. Quoted in Moss,
Men Who Play God
, p. 68.

6
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Dr. Edward Teller’s Magnificent Obsession,” p. 61.

7
. See George Harrison and Harvey Bundy Files, Folder 76, MEDR, NA.

8
. Arthur Compton to Gordon Gray, April 21, 1954, AHCP, Series 3, Box 18, WUA.

9
. Robert Oppenheimer to James Conant, October 21, 1949, reprinted in U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 242–243; and transcript of interview with Warner Schilling, JROP, MDLOC.

10
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, June 6, 1997, Ithaca, N.Y.

11
. Herbert York, quoted in Lifton and Markusen,
The Genocidal Mentality
, p. 116.

12
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, pp. 204–205.

13
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

14
. Quoted in Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 281.

15
. See “National Defense and the Scientists: An Open Letter to Hans Bethe from Edward Teller,” HABP, Box 33, CAKL, CU; and Palevsky,
Atomic Fragments
, p. 53.

16
. Author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.

17
. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), Maria Mayer Papers (hereafter cited as MMP), MSCD, GL, UCSD.

18
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 328.

19
. Quoted in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, pp. 92–93.

20
. U.S. Atomic energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 328.

21
. Ibid., p. 715.

22
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 8, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP.

23
. Hans Bethe to Victor Weisskopf, October 31, 1949, HABP, Box 9, CAKL, CU.

24
. Quotes are in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, pp. 93–94; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 328; and Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 281.

25
. Quoted in Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 8, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP.

26
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 209.

27
. Quoted in Shepley and Blair,
The Hydrogen Bomb
, p. 64.

28
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 460–461.

29
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 266.

30
. Lee DuBridge, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 518–519.

31
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 200.

32
. Manuscript Journal, David E. Lilienthal Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton University.

33
. Quoted in Lilienthal,
The Atomic Energy Years
, p. 581.

34
. GAC Report, October 30, 1949, reprinted in York,
The Advisors
, pp. 152–160.

35
. Enrico Fermi and I. I. Rabi, “An Opinion on the Development of the ‘Super,’” October 30, 1949, reprinted in York,
The Advisors
, pp. 161–162.

36
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 395.

37
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 77.

38
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 208.

39
. Herbert Childs interview with Robert Oppenheimer, EOLP, BL, UCB.

40
. Quoted in
Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950
, vol. 1, pp. 200–201.

41
. See note 9.

42
. Ibid.; and Bundy,
Danger and Survival
, pp. 219–221.

43
. Teller with Brown,
Legacy of Hiroshima
, p. 44.

44
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Four Physicists and the Bomb,” p. 260.

45
. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), Box 3, MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

46
. John H. Manley, “Recollections and Memories,” unpublished manuscript, LANLA.

47
. Edward Teller to John von Neumann, November 9, 1949, John von Neumann Papers, Box 7, MDLOC.

48
. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), Box 3, MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

49
. J. H. Manley Diary, November 15, 1949, p. 14, Accession #A-92–024, 1–1, LANLA.

50
. Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
(W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 346.

51
. Quoted in R. Gordon Arneson, “The H-Bomb Decision,”
Foreign Service Journal
, May 1969, p. 29; and Acheson,
Present at the Creation
, p. 346.

52
. Transcript of Warner Schilling interview, Box 65, JROP, MDLOC.

53
. Quoted in ibid., p. 27.

54
. See
The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion
,
1935–1971
, vol. 2, p. 888.

55
. Quoted in
NYT
, February 1, 1950, p. 3.

56
. Andrei Sakharov,
Memoirs
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), pp. 94, 98–101.

57
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, pp. 330–331.

58
. Transcript, “Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Simulcast on Sunday, February 12, 1950, NBC Network,” JROP, MDLOC.

59
. “We Got to Go On,” unpublished letter, March 6, 1950, LSP, MSCD, GL, UCSD; and Leo Szilard at University of Chicago Roundtable Discussion, February 26, 1950, reprinted in “The Facts About the Hydrogen Bomb,”
BAS
, April 1950, pp. 107–109.

60
. Arthur Compton to George Gallup, January 21, 1950, AHCP, Series 3, Box 12,WUA.

61
. Quoted in Moss,
Men Who Play God
, p. 40.

62
. Statement by S. K. Allison et al., Samuel Allison Papers, Box 2, DSC, JRL, UC.

63
. Hans Bethe, “The Hydrogen Bomb,”
Scientific American
, April 1950, pp. 102–103.

64
. Hans Bethe to Norris Bradbury, February 14, 1950, LANLA.

65
. Quoted in Lifton and Markusen,
The Genocidal Mentality
, p. 117.

66
. Ibid., p. 139.

67
. “Talk to FAS Members and Others at Los Alamos, July 9, 1953,” HABP, CAKL, CU.

68
. Notes on “The Social Responsibilities of Scientists and Engineers,” November 6, 1963, HABP, Box 4, CAKL, CU.

69
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 291.

70
. AEC chairman Gordon Dean, quoted in ibid., p. 295.

71
. See Hans Bethe to John Strauss, February 28, 1950, HABP, CAKL, CU.

72
. Notes, “TV 1995—Anniversary,” BPP.

73
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 296.

74
. Quoted in Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 289.

75
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 251.

76
. Quoted in Blumberg and Panos,
Edward Teller
, p. 141.

77
. Teller, “The Work of Many People,”
Science
, February 25, 1955, p. 274.

78
. Quoted in Chuck Hansen,
The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945
. CD-ROM. (Chukelea Publications, 1995).

79
. Raemer Schreiber, quoted in Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 509.

80
. Author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.

81
. Quoted in Relman Morin, “Dr. Cloyd Marvin Discusses Teller’s Tear in His Heart,’”
Washington Post
, June 23, 1954.

82
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Dr. Edward Teller’s Magnificent Obsession,” p. 74.

Chapter 10: The Oppenheimer Affair

1
. Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 221.

2
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 837–838.

3
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 278.

4
. Quoted in Alsop,
We Accuse
!, p. 19.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy,
Investigation into the United States Atomic Energy Project
(U.S Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. 277–315; and
NYT
, June 16, 1949, p. 20.

7
. Quoted in Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 131; and Lilienthal,
The Atomic Energy Years
, p. 522.

8
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 266.

9
. “Record of Telephone Conversation (Robert Oppenheimer and Lewis Strauss),” December 14, 1953, AEC Records, Historian’s Office, Department of Energy, Germantown, Md.

10
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II.”

11
. Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 234.

12
. Quoted in ibid., p. 235.

13
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 88.

14
. Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 213.

15
. J. Robert Oppenheimer to Lewis Strauss, December 22, 1953, reprinted in
NYT
, April 13, 1954, p. 16.

16
. Author’s interview with Ralph Lapp, Alexandria, Va., March 12, 1999.

17
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 360.

18
. Edward Teller, paraphrased in McCabe to FBI Director, May 14, 1952; and SAC, Albuquerque, to Director, FBI, “Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer,” May 27, 1952, J. Robert Oppenheimer FBI/Freedom of Information Act File.

19
. Jon Else interview with I. I. Rabi, quoted in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 222.

20
. Harold Green, “The Oppenheimer Case: A Study in the Abuse of the Law,”
BAS
, September 1977, pp. 59–60.

21
. See Transcript of Gordon Gray Oral History, p. 187, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

22
. Hans Bethe and Victor Weisskopf to J. Robert Oppenheimer, Box 202, JROP, MDLOC.

23
. Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, pp. 260–261.

24
. Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” pp. 220–221.

25
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 20.

26
. Ibid., p. 56.

27
. David Lilienthal, quoted in Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, pp. 309–310.

28
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 248.

29
. Eltenton FBI interview, June 26, 1946, cited in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 92.

30
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 137.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Ibid., p. 149.

33
. Ibid., p. 154.

34
. Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 287.

35
. Leslie Groves to Lewis Strauss, February 1, 1954, cited in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” pp. 216–217.

36
. Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 242.

37
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 243.

38
. Ibid., p. 229.

39
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 244.

40
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 101.

41
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 331.

42
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 346.

43
. Rigden,
Rabi
, pp. 222–223.

44
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 468.

45
. Ibid., p. 469.

46
. Ibid., p. 470.

47
. “Familiarity, Rejection of Reds Favor Oppenheimer—Compton,”
Washington Post
, April 19, 1954, p. 10.

48
. See Arthur H. Compton to Gordon Gray, April 21, 1954, AHCP, Series 3, Box 18, WUA.