1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (108 page)

North, Douglass C.

North America

European mortality rates in

as narrow isthmus,
2.1
,
2.2

size of

North Carolina

Union troops in

North China Plain,
5.1
,
5.2

North Sea

Norway, famine in

N. tabacum

Núñez de Balboa, Vasco,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4

oak,
1.1
,
2.1

Observer

Offenburg

offshore ownership

O Gráda, Cormac,
6.1
,
6.2

oil,
7.1
,
9.1
,
9.2

oil palms

Oklahoma,
9.1
,
9.2

oomycete,
6.1
,
6.2

oospore

Opechancanough,
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3
,
2.4
,
2.5
,
2.6
,
2.7
,
3.1

opium,
5.1
,
5.2
,
7.1

oranges

Organic Chemistry in Its Application to Agriculture and Physiology
(Liebig),
6.1

Oriental Despotism
(Wittfogel)

Orinoco River

O’Rourke, Kevin,
4.1
,
4.2

Oryza glaberrima

Oryza sativa

Osborne, Anne R.,
5.1
,
5.2

Ottoman Empire,
1.1
,
1.2
,
2.1

Ouerfelli, Mohamed

Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández de,
7.1
,
9.1

oxen

ox tongue

oysters

Pai Francisco

Pakistan

palm

Palmares,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
9.6
,
9.7

paludismo

pampas

Panam

Panama,
1.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4

Scottish colony in

Panamá,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
9.6
,
9.7
,
9.8

slavery in

P.&T. Collins

Pangaea

papas secas

paper money,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3

Paramaribo (Suriname)

Pará rubber tree,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
7.4
,
7.5
,
7.6
,
7.7
,
10.1

pardos

Parentintins (Indian group)

Parián (Manila),
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
5.1
,
10.1
,
10.2

Parián (Mexico City)

Paris,
1.1
,
7.1

Paris Green

Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin

Paterson, William,
3.1
,
3.2

Peace Corps, U.S.

peach palm (pupunha),
7.1
,
9.1

peanuts,
5.1
,
5.2
,
7.1

pearls

Pennsylvania

People’s Liberation Army

peppers (chili, sweet, bell),
5.1
,
6.1
,
7.1
,
10.1

Percy, George,
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3

Pereira, Alberto Lorenço

Perestrello, Bartolomeu

Pérez Dasmariñas, Gómez

perfumes

Pernambuco

Peru,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
8.4
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3

Chinese slaves in

guano exports of

independence of

slavery in,
6.1
,
6.2

smallpox in

Peruvian booby

Peruvian cormorant,
6.1
,
6.2

Peruvian pelican

pesos,
1.1
,
4.1
,
4.2

pesticides,
6.1
,
6.2

as counter productive

peyote

Pheretima

Philip II, King of Spain

Philippine mahogany,
10.1
,
10.2

Philippines,
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
,
1.4
,
1.5
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
10.1
,
10.2

introduced species to

rice terraces in

see also
Manila

photosynthesis

phylloxera

Phytophthora infestans

origins of

phytoplankton

pigs

pineapple

Pinta

piracy,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
8.1
,
8.2

maroons and

pirarucu

Pius V, Pope

Pizarro, Francisca

Pizarro, Francisco,
4.1
,
6.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
8.4
,
9.1
,
9.2

Pizarro, Gonzalo

Pizarro, Hernando

Plains Indian

plantains,
1.1
,
10.1

plantations,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4

in São Tomé

slavery on,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
8.4
,
9.1

sugar,
3.1
,
3.2
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
9.6

Plasmodium
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
6.1
,
7.1
,
10.1

biochemical signaling by

P. falciparum
,
2.1
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
,
9.1
,
10.1

P. vivax
,
2.1
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
,
3.5
,
3.6
,
3.7
,
10.1
,
10.2